Mycoparasitic Activity of Indigenous Trichoderma virens Strains Against Mungbean Soil Borne Pathogen Rhizoctonia solani: Hyperparasite and Hydrolytic Enzyme Production

Abstract

Rhizoctonia solani is one of the harmful pathogens on mungbean, which is very challenging to be controlled. T. virens has been studied intensively and has great potency to control R. solani through mycoparasitism. Seven strains of T. virens isolated from various rhizospheres were tested for their mycoparasitic potential by observing their hyperparasitism and the production of hydrolytic enzymes. All strains showed the ability to suppress the growth of R. solani on dual culture assay as well as on culture filtrate test with the inhibition ability from 43.8 to 68.6% on the dual culture assay and from 22.2 to 71.1% on the culture filtrate assay. Inter-fungal interaction, which was observed by an electron microscope, showed hyperparasitic action of T. virens against R. solani involved the formation of the knob-like structure followed by the growth of Trichoderma hyphae inside host mycelia, coiling, lysed cell wall, and swollen of mycelial tips. Mycoparasitism of T. virens also correlated with the synthesis of hydrolytic enzymes, such as cellulase and chitinase, which influenced the overall hyperparasitic ability of T. virens against the pathogen. Based on in vitro assay, the Tv3 strain proposed as a promising strain to control R. solani due to its high growth inhibition and relatively high cellulase and chitinase productionse.

Growth-Promoting and Protective Effect of Trichoderma atrobrunneum and T. simmonsii on Tomato against Soil-Borne Fungal Pathogens

“…This has been demonstrated for R. solani, not only in dual culture tests [63][64][65] but also in field experiments, including crops like sugar beet [63], potato [66], cucumber [67], bean [68], tobacco [69], maize [70], cowpea [33] and tomato [33]. It has been well documented that Trichoderma suppresses R. solani through mycoparasitism and the production of antifungal compounds [66,71,72]. Moreover, various Trichoderma species have shown great potential in suppressing tomato wilt caused by F. oxysporum f. sp.…”

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“…When confronted with each other, C. rosea mycelia extended towards those of B. cinerea and produced many papilla-like outgrowths at the tips of the hyphae, where were active developing regions and sensitive to various stimuli. This kind of infection mechanism was also observed in T. atroviride when parasitizing R. solani and P. ultimum [ 4 ], and the exudates of R. solani could induce the formation of papilla in T. virens [ 43 ].…”

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“…T. yunnanense, according to [22] also has a solid potential to suppress pathogens such as Phytophthora capsici and C. gloeosporioides. Dual culture testing conducted on two soil-borne fungi, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Sclerotium cepivorum, showed that T yunnanense could significantly suppress the growth of these pathogens [25]. 600 bp 500 bp 1kb…”