Mycorrhizal status helps explain invasion success of alien plant species

Menzel, Andreas; Hempel, Stefan; Klotz, Stefan; Moora, Mari; Pyšek, Petr; Rillig, Matthias C.; Zobel, Martin; Kühn, Ingolf

doi:10.1002/ecy.1621

Cited by 88 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 86 publications

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“…Menzel et al (2018) assessed the relationship between area of occupancy in Germany and two variables: plant species origin (natives; archaeophytes-alien species introduced before the year 1500; and neophytes-alien species introduced after the year 1500) and AM status (obligate, facultative, and non-mycorrhizal). In another regional study, Menzel et al (2017) reported that the mycorrhizal status significantly explained the occupied range of alien plants, with facultative mycorrhizal species inhabiting a larger range than non-mycorrhizal species, while obligate mycorrhizal plant species were intermediate. These authors also showed that while in neophytes with facultative mycorrhizal associations there are trade-offs between plant retention of the mycorrhizal symbiosis and allocation of C to the development of other plant structures, such trade-offs were almost absent among natives (Menzel et al 2018).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…They found that AM status significantly explained the area of occupancy of natives and neophytes, with facultative mycorrhizal plant species occupying larger areas in both groupsthis corresponds to our finding reported above. This mycorrhizal status is especially advantageous for successful spread of alien plants, as the flexibility of being facultatively mycorrhizal allows plants to explore a broader set of ecological strategies (Menzel et al 2017). This indicates that natives and neophytes benefit differently from mycorrhizal symbiosis and suggests that native AM fungal partners might be less important for neophytes than for native plant species, or that more time of co-evolutionary experience is required to establish similar relationships between neophytes and native fungal symbionts.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Facultative mycorrhizal associations promote plant naturalization worldwide

et al. 2019

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Mycorrhizal symbiosis has received relatively little attention as a mechanism explaining plant naturalizations at a global scale. Here, we combined data on vascular plant species occurrences in over 840 mainland and island regions from the Global Naturalized Alien Flora (GloNAF) database with up-to-date databases of mycorrhizal associations. We tested whether the mycorrhizal type (arbuscular, AM; ectomycorrhizal, ECM; and non-mycorrhizal, NM) and status (facultative and obligate) were associated with two measures of naturalization success, (1) naturalization incidence (reflecting the ability to naturalize, and expressed as whether or not a plant species is recorded as naturalized anywhere in the world) and (2) naturalization extent (expressed as the number of GloNAF regions where the species occurs). In total, we found information on mycorrhizal type and status for 3211 naturalized plant species and 4200 non-naturalized plant species. Mycorrhizal plant species, both AM and ECM, were more likely to be naturalized and naturalized to a greater extent than NM plants. The effect of being an AM species was always stronger, with AM species having a greater naturalization extent than ECM species. Being the same mycorrhizal type or status, annual species were generally more likely to be naturalized than perennials. Species with facultative mycorrhizal associations were more successful than those with obligate mycorrhizal associations, but both groups tended to have a greater chance of being naturalized than NM species. These results indicate that being NM is generally less favorable for naturalization. Overall, our results confirm, at the global scale, those of regional studies that facultative association with AM provides plant species with a naturalization advantage. For the first time, we have shown that being mycorrhizal contributes not only to the size of the naturalized range, reflecting the ability to spread, but also to the ability to become naturalized in the first instance.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facultative mycorrhizal associations promote plant naturalization worldwide

et al. 2019

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“…Similarly, Menzel et al . () found that nonmycorrhizal alien species are not more widely spread than obligate mycorrhizal alien species in Europe. Menzel et al .…”

Section: Simplification Of Complex Network Into Interaction Motifsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Menzel et al . () suggested that facultative mycorrhizal species may actually be more widely spread than either obligate arbuscular or nonmycorrhizal plants, but the analysis of facultative species has to be treated with caution as more frequently observed species are more likely to be classified as facultative in their database (at the extreme, a species with only one observation of presence or absence of mycorrhizas cannot be considered facultative in that analysis; T. Kuyper, pers. comm.…”

Section: Simplification Of Complex Network Into Interaction Motifsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The emerging science of linked plant–fungal invasions

et al. 2017

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Contents 1314I.1315II.1316III.1322IV.1323V.1325VI.1326VII.1326VIII.13271328References1328 Summary Invasions of alien plants are typically studied as invasions of individual species, yet interactions between plants and symbiotic fungi (mutualists and potential pathogens) affect plant survival, physiological traits, and reproduction and hence invasion success. Studies show that plant–fungal associations are frequently key drivers of plant invasion success and impact, but clear conceptual frameworks and integration across studies are needed to move beyond a series of case studies towards a more predictive understanding. Here, we consider linked plant–fungal invasions from the perspective of plant and fungal origin, simplified to the least complex representations or ‘motifs’. By characterizing these interaction motifs, parallels in invasion processes between pathogen and mutualist fungi become clear, although the outcomes are often opposite in effect. These interaction motifs provide hypotheses for fungal‐driven dynamics behind observed plant invasion trajectories. In some situations, the effects of plant–fungal interactions are inconsistent or negligible. Variability in when and where different interaction motifs matter may be driven by specificity in the plant–fungal interaction, the size of the effect of the symbiosis (negative to positive) on plants and the dependence (obligate to facultative) of the plant−fungal interaction. Linked plant–fungal invasions can transform communities and ecosystem function, with potential for persistent legacies preventing ecosystem restoration.

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“…Due to relatively low host specificity of AM symbioses, AM fungi can form symbiotic associations with invasive species in nonnative habitats even though they lack a co‐evolutionary history with these new hosts (Moora et al , ; Dickie et al , ). Interactions between plants and AM fungi may enhance species invasiveness by facilitating the establishment, persistence and dominance of invasive plants in new habitats (Pringle et al , ; Menzel et al , ). Previous studies showed that carbon and mineral nutrients can be transferred from native plants to invasive plants via common mycorrhizal networks (Carey et al , ; Awaydul et al , ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%