This chapter explains the biomedical applications of cellulose in vascular grafting, highlighting its beneficial properties, such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and good mechanical characteristics. It begins with a brief overview of the important role of tissue engineering in addressing vascular diseases and then explores the incorporation of nanocellulose into vascular grafts. The discussion covers the complex anatomy of blood vessels, the limitations of traditional grafting methods, and innovative tissue engineering approaches. It also outlines different methods for integrating nanocellulose into graft scaffolds, as well as strategies for enhancing their performance and improving biocompatibility. Also, it emphasises the importance of assessing biological feasibility through thorough in vitro testing and examining biodegradability kinetics. Furthermore, it delves into the cellular responses provoked by grafts incorporating nanocellulose, supported by recent research findings. It concludes with an overview of ongoing clinical trials, providing insights into the current status and outlining potential directions for further advancements in this emerging field.