Nanomaterial-based ionic polymer metal composite insect scale flapping wing actuators

Electrochemically-driven actuators: from materials to mechanisms and from performance to applications

“…Mukherjee et al used an energy-based variational approach to model IPMC flapping dynamics and created flapping wing actuators based on RuO 2 /Nafion s IPMCs. 254 Wang et al developed low-frequency responsive IPMC actuators to mimic butterfly flapping and designed thin IPMC strip actuators for lightweight and large-flapping applications in microflapping vehicles. 255 Furthermore, Fannir et al introduced an asymmetric artificial muscle based on a stretchable solid-phase polymer electrolyte layer combined with interpenetrated PEDOT electrodes.…”

“…Mukherjee et al used an energy-based variational approach to model IPMC flapping dynamics and created flapping wing actuators based on RuO 2 /Nafion® IPMCs. 254 Wang et al developed low-frequency responsive IPMC actuators to mimic butterfly flapping and designed thin IPMC strip actuators for lightweight and large-flapping applications in micro-flapping vehicles. 255…”

Biomimetic Beetle-Inspired Flapping Air Vehicle Actuated by Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite Actuator

“…In the past, bionic flapping air vehicles were mostly constructed of rigid materials, which were complex, inefficient, and heavy in weight [ 4 , 5 ]. Due to the unique performance of the IPMC, it is being tried to be applied to flapping mechanism [ 6 ]. It is not only easy to control the mechanism by IPMC but also more similar to the biological flexibility [ 7 ].…”