Nanomaterials Manipulate Macrophages for Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment

Abstract

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, progressive, and systemic inflammatory autoimmune disease, characterized by synovial inflammation, synovial lining hyperplasia and inflammatory cell infiltration, autoantibody production, and cartilage/bone destruction. Macrophages are crucial effector cells in the pathological process of RA, which can interact with T, B, and fibroblast-like synovial cells to produce large amounts of cytokines, chemokines, digestive enzymes, prostaglandins, and reactive oxygen species to accelerate bone destruction. Therefore, the use of nanomaterials to target macrophages has far-reaching therapeutic implications for RA. A number of limitations exist in the current clinical therapy for patients with RA, including severe side effects and poor selectivity, as well as the need for frequent administration of therapeutic agents and high doses of medication. These challenges have encouraged the development of targeting drug delivery systems and their application in the treatment of RA. Recently, obvious therapeutic effects on RA were observed following the use of various types of nanomaterials to manipulate macrophages through intravenous injection (active or passive targeting), oral administration, percutaneous absorption, intraperitoneal injection, and intra-articular injection, which offers several advantages, such as high-precision targeting of the macrophages and synovial tissue of the joint. In this review, the mechanisms involved in the manipulation of macrophages by nanomaterials are analyzed, and the prospect of clinical application is also discussed. The objective of this article was to provide a reference for the ongoing research concerning the treatment of RA based on the targeting of macrophages.

Recent advances in nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems for rheumatoid arthritis treatment

“…This method increases the drug solubility and makes it more bioavailable, prevents overdosage and improves patient adherence (13). Targeted drug delivery systems are pharmaceutical constructs that help achieve specific delivery of drugs or bioactive molecules to cells or tissues that express a tissue-specific molecular marker that separates them from healthy tissues in the body (14), (15). These delivery systems penetrate the epithelial barriers and release the drugs, and then these bioactive molecules move across multiple biological barriers to make it to the site of action (15).…”

LncRNA SNHG14 contributes to proinflammatory cytokine production in rheumatoid arthritis via the regulation of the miR‐17‐5p/MINK1‐JNK pathway

“…4,5 Macrophages differentiated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are related to the initiation and maintenance of inflammation, displaying critical roles in the RA pathogenesis. 6 Therefore, macrophages are considered as an ideal target for the treatment of RA.…”

“…Moreover, uncontrolled systemic inflammation can cause joint damage, disability and even increase the risk of cardiovascular complications in RA patients 4,5 . Macrophages differentiated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are related to the initiation and maintenance of inflammation, displaying critical roles in the RA pathogenesis 6 . Therefore, macrophages are considered as an ideal target for the treatment of RA.…”

Advances in Use of Nanomaterials for Musculoskeletal Regeneration

“…Another application of nanomaterials, nanocomposites (NCPs), can be found in tissue engineering, where they began to be used as scaffolds for the development of biomimetic materials involved in the repair and healing of damaged tissues and organs [43][44][45][46][47]. The term "tissue engineering" was proposed as early as 1987 and is defined by the National Science Foundation as " .…”