Nanosuspension of Phyllanthus amarus extract for improving oral bioavailability and prevention of paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in Sprague–Dawley rats

Abstract

Phyllanthus amarus (P. amarus) is commonly used for traditional Indian medicine and as dietary adjuncts for the treatment of numerous physiological disorders including hepatic disorders. Due to the poor water solubility of its major constituents such as lignans and flavonoids, its absorption upon oral administration could be limited. The present study was designed to evaluate and compare the hepatoprotective effects of the ethanolic extract of P. amarus (PAE) and its nanoparticles (PAN) on paracetamol induced acute liver toxicity in Sprague–Dawley rats. An oral dose of PAE at 125 and 250 mg kg−1 and PAN at 25 and 50 mg kg−1 showed a significant hepatoprotective effect relatively to the same extent (P < 0.001) by reducing levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and bile salts. These biochemical assessments were supported by rat hepatic biopsy examinations. Moreover, the results also indicated that the hepatoprotective effect of 50 mg kg−1 PAN was effectively better than 125 mg kg−1 PAE (P < 0.001), and an oral dose of PAN that is five times less than PAE could exhibit similar levels of outcomes. In conclusion, we suggest that the nanoparticles system can be applied to overcome other poorly water soluble herbal medicines and furthermore to decrease the treatment dosage.

Formulation and characterisation of nanosuspension of herbal extracts for enhanced antiradical potential

“…The resultant nanosuspension was consequently cooled down to ¡18 C and lyophilised using lyophiliser to obtain dry powder. [14] …”

Untitled

“…Overall it concludes that the antimicrobial and better bioavailability of herbal extracts as well as essential oils is not due to a single mechanism of action but may result from the effect of different compounds on several cell targets via different modes and mechanisms [57][58] .…”

Gambaran Histopatologik Hati Tikus Wistar yang Diberikan Sari Buah Naga Merah (Hylocereus polyrhisus) dan Parasetamol

“…Salah satu contoh obat yang berpotensi sebagai hepatotoksik ialah parasetamol. 2 Penelitian yang dilakukan ini memberikan informasi mengenai gambaran histopatologik hati tikus Wistar yang diberikan parasetamol dan sari buah naga merah dengan membandingkan kelompok kontrol dan perlakuan.…”

“…1 Salah satu contoh obat yang berpotensi sebagai hepatotoksik yaitu parasetamol. 2 Kandungan pada buah yang berfungsi sebagai hepatoprotektor ialah antioksidan. Buah naga merah yang dikenal dengan nama Pitaya, berasal dari Amerika Tengah dan Selatan dan dibawa ke Negara Asia Tenggara termasuk Indonesia.…”