Nanotechnology-Based Approach in Tuberculosis Treatment

Abstract

Tuberculosis, commonly known as TB, is the second most fatal infectious disease after AIDS, caused by bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Prolonged treatment, high pill burden, low compliance, and stiff administration schedules are factors that are responsible for emergence of MDR and XDR cases of tuberculosis. Till date, only BCG vaccine is available which is ineffective against adult pulmonary TB, which is the most common form of disease. Various unique antibodies have been developed to overcome drug resistance, reduce the treatment regimen, and elevate the compliance to treatment. Therefore, we need an effective and robust system to subdue technological drawbacks and improve the effectiveness of therapeutic drugs which still remains a major challenge for pharmaceutical technology. Nanoparticle-based ideology has shown convincing treatment and promising outcomes for chronic infectious diseases. Different types of nanocarriers have been evaluated as promising drug delivery systems for various administration routes. Controlled and sustained release of drugs is one of the advantages of nanoparticle-based antituberculosis drugs over free drug. It also reduces the dosage frequency and resolves the difficulty of low poor compliance. This paper reviews various nanotechnology-based therapies which can be used for the treatment of TB.

Recent updates on drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis

“…; Nasiruddin et al . ). Table lists the nano‐based drug delivery systems, their properties, administration mode and present status of development.…”

“…Therefore, complementation of nanotechnology with proper management can still lead to better efficacy of even first generation anti‐TB drugs (Nasiruddin et al . ).…”

<p>Silver Nanoparticles for the Therapy of Tuberculosis</p>

“…In a step by step diagram of the bacterial membrane destabilization (depicted for AgNPs/nisin conjugates), the interaction between AgNP/antibiotic complexes with bacterial cell membrane (stage 1) will results in enhancement Ag+ release, in situ ROS generation, membrane-insertion of nisin (methyl)-lanthionine rings, followed by local dissolution of lipidic molecules, membrane-pore formation, and internalization of AgNPs/nisin complexes within the bacterial cytoplasm. Inspired from Deng et al 198 lipid nanoparticles, alginate nanoparticles, niosomes, dendrimers) 207 or by adding new antituberculous compounds which can synergies the classical therapy, as metallic metal-based nanoparticles (mainly silver, iron oxide, gold, copper oxide, aluminum oxide, zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, etc.). 99,187 Several of the therapeutical advantages of such nanoparticle-based therapy of tuberculosis are, among others: a) prolonged time of action, b) a high carrier ability; c) flexibility of various routes of administration, d) possibility of multiple drugs-encapsulation in the matrix, e) fewer side effects and improved compliance (especially important in prolonged anti-TB therapy).…”

“…99,187 Several of the therapeutical advantages of such nanoparticle-based therapy of tuberculosis are, among others: a) prolonged time of action, b) a high carrier ability; c) flexibility of various routes of administration, d) possibility of multiple drugs-encapsulation in the matrix, e) fewer side effects and improved compliance (especially important in prolonged anti-TB therapy). 207…”

Diagnosis of Tuberculosis: Nanodiagnostics Approaches

“…Majority of the nanodiagnostic work has been carried out in the field of cancer diagnostics, but this technique has also been contributed significantly to the diagnosis of various infectious diseases presently (Kumar et al 2011;Yukuyama et al 2017). Most of the infectious disease-causing agents such as bacteria (M. tuberculosis), virus (SARS), and fungi may sometimes cause an epidemic outbreak, resulting in higher morbidity and mortality (Mathuria 2009;Nasiruddin et al 2017;Xu et al 2018). Thus, initiation of nano-based diagnostic platforms in a clinical setting is gaining importance these days.…”