Nasal self-swabbing for estimating the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus in the community

Gamblin, Jenny; Jefferies, Johanna M.C.; Harris, Scott; Ahmad, Nusreen; Marsh, Peter; Faust, Saul N; Fraser, Simon; Moore, Michael; Roderick, Paul; Blair, Iain; Clarke, Stuart C.

doi:10.1099/jmm.0.051854-0

Cited by 43 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Every fifth participant of our study was colonized with S. aureus. In Europe, two studies from the UK have shown similar results to our study [17,18]. Gamblin et al [17] found 28% nasal S. aureus colonization in Southampton, which is close to the previous estimate of 23% by Abudu et al [18] in Birmingham.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Relationship between toll-like receptor 2 R753Q and T16934A polymorphisms and Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage

Żukowski

Taryma-Leśniak

Kaczmarczyk

et al. 2017

Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther

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Background: The association among specific single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TLR2 R753Q (rs5743708) and T16934A (rs4696480) and the nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus was studied in adults before CABG. Methods: The TLR2 polymorphisms were genotyped in 299 consecutive patients prepared for a CABG operation. Genotyping was performed using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of PCR-amplified fragments. Two nasal swab cultures were taken within 2 weeks before the operation. Subjects were classified as Staphylococcus aureus carriers if at least one culture was positive while those patients with both cultures found to be negative were classified as non-carriers. Results: The prevalence of nasal S. aureus carriage in the final cohort was 22.1% (66/299), while no MRSA was detected in our study group. No significant differences in the TLR2 polymorphisms were observed between the study and the control groups. No associations were found between TLR2 haplotypes and the covariates of age, sex, NYHA, weight, height, BMI, CAD, smoking status and ESlog score. No differences were found between carriers and noncarriers regarding the allelic distribution of the TLR2 T-16934A SNP. Almost 93% of the patients who were screened for the presence of the TLR2 Arg753Gln (rs5743708) were GG wild type homozygous. Twenty one subjects from the study group (7.1%) were GA heterozygous, while no patient in either group was homozygous for the TLR2 Arg753Gln (rs5743708) mutation. TLR2 Arg753Gln genotyping showed that GA heterozygous patients were detected more frequently in the group of Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriers than in non-carrier adults. Conclusion: Our results suggest that the carrier status for the GA variant of the TLR2 Arg753Gln (rs5743708) polymorphism may be a risk factor for Staphylococcus aureus carriage.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Relationship between toll-like receptor 2 R753Q and T16934A polymorphisms and Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage

Żukowski

Taryma-Leśniak

Kaczmarczyk

et al. 2017

Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther

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“…We fully agree that infection prevention is a priority in any OF because children and adolescents are still developing their immune systems, often have asymptomatic infections (due to MRSA, S. pneumonia, S. pyogenes, H. influenza, Moraxella catarrhalis, HBV, HIV etc), may be at high risk of developing infections (immunocompromised subjects and those predisposed to developing infective endocarditis), or be medically compromised (12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19). This accounts for the increasing discussion of the medical-legal liability of orthodontists, and underlines the need for established scientific proof concerning prophylactic antibiotic treatment and the prevention of the over-use of antibiotics (19,20) when treating high-risk patients.…”

Section: Orthodontic Patient Safetymentioning

confidence: 99%

Implementation of Recent Infection Prevention Procedures Published by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Difficulties and Problems in Orthodontic Offices

Barenghi¹,

Barenghi²,

Blasio

2017

Iran J Ortho

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Context: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has recently published its "Summary of Infection Prevention Practices in Dental Settings: Basic Expectations for Safe Care", but information concerning compliance, occupational hazards, and specific recommendations for orthodontic facilities is less widely available. Evidence Acquisition: We searched electronic English articles published in PubMed and Google Scholar databases (2010-May 2016) using various combinations of the key indexing terms. Results: 95 articles were selected for comprehensive reading according to the inclusion criteria. Problems and difficulties for orthodontic offices in applying the recommendations have been divided into nine focus areas concerning the quality of supplies, the procedures necessary to adhere to the standard precautions of hand hygiene, the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), respiratory hygiene/cough etiquette, sharps safety, orthodontic instrument reconditioning, cleaning and disinfecting clinical contact surfaces and dental unit water lines, and impression disinfection. Conclusions: On the basis of our experience in a university department of orthodontics and private orthodontic offices, we believe that innovative thinking based on better knowledge, education and training, ergonomics, and task-specific, evidence-based guidelines and resources are required to improve compliance with infection control recommendations.

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“…A thorough review of 18 studies from 1944 until 1994 showed that the mean S. aureus carriage rate in the general population was 37 % (Kluytmans et al 1997). More recent studies have shown nasal colonization rates of 20 % to 30 % (Andersen et al 2012;Gamblin et al 2013;Mernelius et al 2013b;Olsen et al 2013;Mehraj et al 2014). Nasal colonization rates of up to nearly 60 % have been reported among HIV-positive patients (Kotpal et al 2014), patients on hemodialysis (Duran et al 2006), intravenous drug addicts and patients with insulin dependent diabetes (Kluytmans et al 1997).…”

Section: Carriage and Colonizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infection control of Staphylococcus aureus : spa typing to elucidate transmission

Mernelius¹

2015

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Staphylococcus aureus is a commensal of the human flora, primarily colonizing the anterior nares and throat, but it may also cause infections ranging from mild skin and soft tissue infections to severe diseases such as endocarditis and septicemia. S. aureus is also a major nosocomial problem increasing with the worldwide dissemination of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA).The main vector for bacterial cross-transmission in healthcare settings is the hands of healthcare workers (HCWs). No S. aureus was detected in the air in this thesis demonstrating that transmission through air is not important. Despite the fact that good compliance with hand hygiene is essential to prevent cross-transmission the compliance is generally less than 50 %.Gold standard to track bacterial transmission in healthcare settings has for long been pulsedfield gel electrophoresis (PFGE), a method that is labor-intensive, lacks consensus protocol and relies on semi-subjective analysis. Molecular typing by sequencing of the hypervariable part of the S. aureus protein A gene (spa typing) has overcome these problems and has shown promising results in epidemiological investigations.The aims of this thesis were to study bacterial transmission with S. aureus colonization of newborn infants as a model and to evaluate spa typing as a molecular tool. Additionally, the influence of compliance with hygiene guidelines on S. aureus transmission was assessed.Analysis of 280 MRSA isolates by spa typing revealed excellent typeability and epidemiological concordance and satisfactory discriminatory power. Additionally, spa typing was considered superior to PFGE thanks to its accessibility, ease of use and rapidity. Also, spa typing results are registered in a global database, facilitating inter-laboratory comparison.The prevalence of S. aureus ranged from 41 % to 66 % in the populations studied and males had the highest colonization rate. Throat was the premier colonization site for adults and transmission from individuals colonized in the throat only was documented, suggesting that throat cultures should be included in S. aureus screening programs. The umbilicus was the premier colonization site for newborn infants. Incubating the swabs in enrichment broth prior to plating increased the prevalence of S. aureus positive samples by 46 %, resulting in prevalence viii ranging from 51 % to 70 % in the populations studied. Thus enrichment prior to plating is necessary to determine more truthful S. aureus colonization rates. There were no indications of an institutional flora, as the colonization rates, spa type distribution and antibiotic resistance prevalence were similar among parents and HCWs.Direct observations and self-reporting by HCWs were both validated as tools for monitoring compliance with hygiene guidelines. The compliance with hygiene guidelines was significantly higher following a 10-point hygiene intervention as compared to baseline. The compliance was also higher three years after the intervention in three of four participating departm...

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Nasal self-swabbing for estimating the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus in the community

Cited by 43 publications

References 13 publications

Relationship between toll-like receptor 2 R753Q and T16934A polymorphisms and Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage

Relationship between toll-like receptor 2 R753Q and T16934A polymorphisms and Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage

Implementation of Recent Infection Prevention Procedures Published by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Difficulties and Problems in Orthodontic Offices

Infection control of Staphylococcus aureus : spa typing to elucidate transmission

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