Natural Language Watermarking: Design, Analysis, and a Proof-of-Concept Implementation

Atallah, Mikhail J.; Raskin, Victor; Crogan, Michael; Hempelmann, Christian F.; Kerschbaum, Florian; Mohamed, Dina; Naik, Sanket

doi:10.1007/3-540-45496-9_14

Cited by 132 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Natural language watermarking embeds information using linguistic transformations such as synonym substitution, syntactic transformations and semantic transformations (see [18], [17], [2], [19], [1], [8], [10]). It embeds a bitstream as a watermark in a text document, while preserving the meaning, context, and flow of the document.…”

Section: Natural Language Watermarkingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There have only been a few such schemes, e.g., [2], [1] and [8], that are suitable for this purpose. In [2] Atallah et al treat a text as a collection of sentences. The syntactic structure of a sentence is used to embed the watermark.…”

Section: Previous Schemesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A follow-up paper [1] improves upon [2] in terms of the number of watermark bits embedded in one sentence. The algorithms used in [1] are the same as in [2], but the algorithms are applied to the sematic structure of a sentence, instead of the syntactic structure, to embed the watermark bits.…”

Section: Previous Schemesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The algorithms used in [1] are the same as in [2], but the algorithms are applied to the sematic structure of a sentence, instead of the syntactic structure, to embed the watermark bits. Since the semantic structure is much larger and richer than the syntactic structure, this allows transformations of a large number of elements they contain, and therefore it achieves more watermark bits in one sentence.…”

Section: Previous Schemesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since the semantic structure is much larger and richer than the syntactic structure, this allows transformations of a large number of elements they contain, and therefore it achieves more watermark bits in one sentence. In view of robustness, the probability that one sentence insert/delete/modify can destroy the watermark in [1] is the same as [2], therefore its false negative probability is also the same as [2].…”

Section: Previous Schemesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Authorship Proof for Textual Document

Stinson

2008

Information Hiding

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Abstract. In this paper, we investigate the problem of how to prove the authorship of textual documents. We propose to use natural language watermarks to solve the problem. We identify two essential requirements for an authorship proof scheme (APS) to be secure against watermark erasing attacks. We evaluate the security of existing natural language watermarking schemes, and we propose two new APS with improved security.

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Section: Natural Language Watermarkingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Previous Schemesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Previous Schemesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Previous Schemesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Previous Schemesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Authorship Proof for Textual Document

Stinson

2008

Information Hiding

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Augmenting LZ‐77 with authentication and integrity assurance capabilities

Atallah¹,

Lonardi²

2004

Concurrency and Computation

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SUMMARYThe formidable dissemination capability allowed by the current network technology makes it increasingly important to devise new methods to ensure authenticity and integrity. Nowadays it is common practice to distribute documents in compressed form. In this paper, we propose a simple variation on the classic LZ-77 algorithm that allows one to hide, within the compressed document, enough information to warrant its authenticity and integrity. The design is based on the unpredictability of a certain class of pseudo-random number generators, in such a way that the hidden data cannot be retrieved in a reasonable amount of time by an attacker (unless the secret bit-string key is known). Since it can still be decompressed by the original LZ-77 algorithm, the embedding is completely 'transparent' and backward-compatible, making it possible to deploy it without disrupting service. Experiments show that the degradation in compression due to the embedding is almost negligible.

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Concise analysis of current text automation and watermarking approaches

Alkawaz

Sulong

Saba

et al. 2016

Security Comm Networks

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With ceaseless utilization of web and other online advances, it has turned out to be amazingly simple to imitate, discuss, and convey digital material. Subsequently, confirmation and copyright assurance issues have been emerged. Text is the most widely used media of communication on the web as compared with images and videos. The significant part of books, daily papers, websites, commercial, research papers, reports, and numerous different archives are just the plain text. Therefore, copyrights protection of plain text is a critical issue that could not be accepted at all. This paper presents a concise analysis on information hiding techniques and their consequences. Various watermarking systems properties are highlighted along with different types of attacks and their possible defenses. Additionally, the current applications for text document watermarking and the reasons for the problems of text document watermarking are described. Finally, attacks characteristics are discussed including types of attacks, volumes, and nature on text. Current watermarking approaches are reviewed in depth, and consequently, their advantages and weaknesses are highlighted.

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Natural Language Watermarking: Design, Analysis, and a Proof-of-Concept Implementation

Cited by 132 publications

References 12 publications

Authorship Proof for Textual Document

Authorship Proof for Textual Document

Augmenting LZ‐77 with authentication and integrity assurance capabilities

Concise analysis of current text automation and watermarking approaches

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