Naturally Occurring Anthocyanin, Structure, Functions and Biosynthetic Pathway in Fruit Plants

Abstract

Anthocyanins are naturally occurring compounds, member of the flavonoid groups of photochemical, involved in defense against the damaging effects of UV irradiation in plants and protect from many oxidants. The anthocyanins, group of pigments are relatively small and diverse flavonoid family in nature, and responsible for the attractive colors, red and purple to blue in many plants. Presence of pigments in flowers and fruits seems to provide attraction for pollination and aiding seed distribution, it also provides antiviral and antimicrobial activities, however their occurrence in the vacuoles remains ambiguous. During the last decades, anthocyanin gene expression and many structural genes encoding enzymes has been extensively studied in fruits, flowers and leaves in many plants.In addition, the genetic regulating mechanism, their biosynthesis and other factors involved are well described. The biosynthesis pathway of anthocyanin is a complex with diverse branches responsible to produce variety of metabolites. In general Anthocyanins, production through the flavonoid path, are a class of vital phenolic compounds. Over six thousand diverse anthocyanins have been reported from various species. So far, the potential health benefits of anthocyanins have been reported in the contexts of their antioxidant properties. Anthocyanins are also extensively studied for their several positive effects on body. Based on these facts, the present review briefly summarizes recent advances, highlighting the importance of biosynthetic pathway of anthocyanins, thus will serve to encourage advance investigation in this field.

Polyphenols: A concise overview on the chemistry, occurrence, and human health

“…They are water‐soluble flavonoids responsible for the color of fruits and flowers, which varies from red‐orange to blue‐violet. The basic structural unit of anthocyanins is the flavylium ion (2‐phenylchromenylium; Pascual‐Theresa & Sanchez‐Ballesta, ; Pervaiz et al, ). Most of the anthocyanins occur as acylated by organic acids (p‐coumaric, sinapic, caffeic, ferulic, or sinapic acids) via ester bonds (Zhao et al, ).…”

“…Within nutraceuticals (Andrew & Izzo, ; Daliu, Santini, & Novellino, ; Durazzo & Lucarini, ; Santini et al, ; Santini & Novellino, ; Santini & Novellino, ; Santini, Tenore, & Novellino, ), more than 8,000 different phenolics are identified in the plant kingdom and represent one of most numerous and widely distributed class of plant secondary metabolites (Cheynier, Comte, Davies, Lattanzio, & Martens, ; Kabera, Semana, Mussa, & He, ; Santini, Novellino, Armini, & Ritieni, ). Several outstanding reviews on polyphenols have been recently published (Amiot, Riva, & Vinet, ; Bernatoniene & Kopustinskiene, ; Białecka‐Florjańczyk, Fabiszewska, & Zieniuk, ; Clifford, Jaganath, Ludwig, & Crozier, ; Costa et al, ; Durazzo et al, ; Pervaiz, Songtao, Faghihi, Haider, & Fang, ; Roche et al, ; Xiao, Zhang, Tong, & Shi, ; H. Zhang & Tsao, ; Zhao et al, ), and the reader is referred to them for a more in‐depth information. Here, we provide a concise introductory guide for the beginners in order to assist them in their initial entry into the chemistry and pharmacology of polyphenols.…”

“…& Crozier, 2017; Costa et al, 2017;Pervaiz, Songtao, Faghihi, Haider, & Fang, 2017;Roche et al, 2017;Xiao, Zhang, Tong, & Shi, 2018;H. Zhang & Tsao, 2016;Zhao et al, 2017), and the reader is referred to them for a more in-depth information.…”

Structure, Functions and Biosynthetic Pathway of Naturally Occurring Anthocyanin in Sweet Potato - A Review

“…Moreover, the UFGT transcriptional levels are overly expressed in red fruits than white skinned grapes [79] compared to CHS, UFGT and ANS in citrus [82]. Therefore, to increase the synthesis of anthocyanin solely depends on structural gene expression relative to a particular species [83]. The IbMADS10 gene appeared to control anthocyanin biosynthesis in sweet potato [84].…”

Fruit‐based juices: Focus on antioxidant properties—Study approach and update

“…Anthocyanins are a subclass of water‐soluble pigments belonging to the flavonoids family (Pervaiz, Songtao, Faghihi, Haider, & Fang, ). They are studied for several biological activities, that is, antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, anti‐tumor, neuroprotective, anti‐diabetic, and as cancer chemopreventive agents (Azzini et al, ; Khoo, Azlan, Tang, & Lim, ; Pascual‐Theresa & Sanchez‐Ballesta, ; Qi et al, ).…”