Neck

Neelis, Dana A.; Mattoon, John S.; Nyland, Thomas G.

doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-4867-1.00006-4

Cited by 3 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 114 publications

(149 reference statements)

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“…In dogs 4 parathyroid glands are usually present, however location and number may vary [17] [25]. In general 2 external parathyroid glands are located at the craniolateral surface on each side of the respective thyroid gland and 2 are embedded in the caudal part of the respective thyroid gland as the internal parathyroid glands [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CT imaging features of the normal parathyroid gland in the dog

Lautscham¹,

Klopmann²,

Schaub

et al. 2020

Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere

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Zusammenfassung Gegenstand und Ziel Ziel dieser prospektiven Pilotstudie war zu beurteilen, ob die physiologische Glandula parathyroidea beim Hund computertomografisch dargestellt werden kann, und eine Beschreibung ihres CT-Erscheinungsbildes zu geben. Material und Methoden In die Studie wurden 25 Hunde aufgenommen, bei denen aufgrund von Erkrankungen im Halsbereich ohne Bezug zu Schild- oder Nebenschilddrüse ein CT-Scan erfolgte. Einschlusskriterium waren unauffällige Befunde bei der allgemeinen klinischen Untersuchung und der Blutuntersuchung (Blutbild und blutchemische Analyse). CT-Bilder vor und nach Kontrastmittelapplikation (30–45 Sekunden nach der Kontrastmittelinjektion, frühe venöse Phase) wurden mit einem 16-Schichten-Spiral-CT unter Verwendung eines Field of View von 18 cm, einer Schichtdicke von 1 mm und einer Matrix von 512 × 512 angefertigt. Zwei Radiologen begutachteten die CT-Aufnahmen unabhängig voneinander. Die Sichtbarkeit der Parathyreoidea wurde erfasst und die Interobserver-Reliabilität ermittelt. Bei den darstellbaren Nebenschilddrüsen wurden folgende Parameter bestimmt: Größe, Dichte (in Hounsfield Units [HU], vor und nach Kontrastmittelgabe), Dichte der Schilddrüse, Abgrenzung (exzellent, mäßig, schlecht). Ergebnisse Nur 20 bzw. 25 Nebenschilddrüsen waren durch die beiden Untersucher erkennbar. Die Anzahl differierte zwischen Nativaufnahmen und Bildern nach Kontrastmittelgabe nicht. Die Interobserver-Reliabilität hinsichtlich der Erkennbarkeit war moderat (κ = 0,40). Für Länge, Breite und Höhe der Nebenschilddrüsen (Mittelwert ± Standardabweichung) ergaben sich 4,2 × 2,5 × 2,9 mm ± 1,3 × 0,8 × 1,0 mm. Die Dichte betrug 39,7 ± 20,6 HU vor und 103,1 ± 47,1 HU nach Kontrastmittelgabe. Damit stellten sich die Nebenschilddrüsen im Vergleich zur Schilddrüse (vor und nach Kontrastmittelgabe 166,7 ± 34,3 HU bzw. 234,0 ± 60,1 HU) hypoattenuierend dar. Schlussfolgerung Diese Studie liefert die erste Beschreibung des CT-Erscheinungsbilds der angenommen physiologischen Nebenschilddrüse beim Hund. Die Sichtbarkeit des Organs war jedoch schlecht. Klinische Relevanz Trotz der schlechten Visualisierung der Nebenschilddrüse im CT ist sie gelegentlich wahrnehmbar. Die ermittelten Dimensionen waren teilweise größer als bisher für sonografische Darstellung beschrieben, ohne dass die untersuchten Hunde erkennbare Symptome eines Hyperparathyreodismus aufwiesen. Eine computertomografisch sichtbare Nebenschilddrüse impliziert daher möglicherweise nicht unbedingt eine Erkrankung. Weitere Studien dazu sind notwendig.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CT imaging features of the normal parathyroid gland in the dog

Lautscham¹,

Klopmann²,

Schaub

et al. 2020

Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere

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“…Ultrasound of the normal canine cervical esophagus was first reported in 1991 (Wisner et al, 1991). Although more recent textbooks include images, no more detailed information about its appearance has been published since (Zhu, et al, 2004;Neelis et al, 2015). Transcutaneous ultrasound of the abdominal esophagus (Gory et al, 2014) and endoscopic ultrasound of the cervical and thoracic esophagus (Baloi et al, 2013) have also been described.…”

Section: Transcutaneous Ultrasonographic Characteristics Of the Canin...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The histological layers of the gastrointestinal tract, the tunica mucosa, tela submucosa, tunica muscularis and tunica adventitia, are all visible sonographically (Baloi et al, 2013;Gory et al, 2014;Neelis et al, 2015). In humans, sometimes six esophageal layers can be demonstrated due to the presence of a connective tissue layer between the inner circular and outer longitudinal muscular layers (Capitani et al, 2014); however, this has not been reported in dogs.…”

Section: Transcutaneous Ultrasonographic Characteristics Of the Canin...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Transcutaneous ultrasound has been used to assess the human esophagus (Capitani et al, 2014) but there are few reports in the veterinary literature (Zhu, et al, 2004;Gory et al, 2014;Bristow, 2015;Neelis et al, 2015;Zwingenberger and Taeymans, 2015). Normal values for canine gastrointestinal tract and abdominal esophageal wall thickness have been reported (Neelis et al, 2015;Zwingenberger and Taeymans, 2015), but there are currently no normal values for the cervical esophagus in dogs.…”

Section: Transcutaneous Ultrasonographic Characteristics Of the Canin...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transcutaneous ultrasonographic characteristics of the canine cervical esophagus

Gomes,

King,

Gamino

et al. 2023

Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift

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Ultrasound is a readily available imaging modality that allows detailed visualization of the canine esophageal wall. However, in the literature, there are few reports of its use for this purpose. The aim of the present study was to document the sonographic appearance and measurements in normal dogs. Seven cadavers and ten healthy live dogs were examined using a 14MHz transducer. Two, four or six wall layers were identified using ultrasound. To the authors’ knowledge, the identification of six layers using ultrasound has not been reported before; this is apparently due to fibrous tissue located between the muscle layers as determined using histology. The mean ultrasonographic wall thickness for the live dogs was 2.8 mm ± 1 mm. These findings support the use of transcutaneous ultrasonography to evaluate the cervical esophagus, but further research is required to determine its use in clinical cases.

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“…Doppler ultrasonography (US) is an effective and useful tool in veterinary medicine imaging due to its accessibility, low price, lack of radiation exposure or sedative intake, and the possibility to perform a bedside exam even in critically ill patients [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. Waveform spectrum analysis reveals blood flow information, including physiological details and pathological processes [9][10][11][12][13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasound Evaluation of Extracranial Cerebral Circulation (The Common, External and Internal Carotid Artery) in Different Breeds of Dogs

Ševčíková

Figurová

Ševčík

et al. 2023

Animals

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Noninvasive Doppler ultrasonography (US) examination is a standard method for the clinical evaluation of the carotid arteries. Extracranial cerebral circulation includes the common carotid artery (CCA), the external carotid artery (ECA), and the extracranial part of the internal carotid artery (ICA). The present study was conducted with the objective of assessing physiological normative values and describing the appearance of spectral waveforms of extracranial arteries in 104 healthy dogs of eight breeds divided into four groups according to weight. We also focused on searching for correlations for carotid blood velocities with the resistive index (RI), body weight and diameter, and differences between observers and the influence of sex in the calculations of Doppler parameters. In the evaluated breeds, significant differences were found in the velocity of peak systolic velocity (PSV) and end diastolic velocity (EDV). There was a strong correlation between body weight and peak systolic velocity, the RI index and CCA diameter. The intra-observer agreement for the PSV and EDV parameters in each vessel was considered excellent reliability, and overall interobserver agreement showed very good reliability. This study could improve the descriptions of physiological values and waveforms recorded in carotid arteries. Defining the physiological values of velocity and the resistive index (RI) helps in the easier identification of pathology and diagnosis of disease. Our results may be used for further studies of vascular diseases in veterinary medicine that correlate with the pathology of neurological disorders of ischemic origin, further in thromboembolism, oncologic disease and degenerative, proliferative and inflammatory diseases of the arteries that lead to stenosis

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Neck

Cited by 3 publications

References 114 publications

CT imaging features of the normal parathyroid gland in the dog

CT imaging features of the normal parathyroid gland in the dog

Transcutaneous ultrasonographic characteristics of the canine cervical esophagus

Ultrasound Evaluation of Extracranial Cerebral Circulation (The Common, External and Internal Carotid Artery) in Different Breeds of Dogs

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