Neuroinflamm-Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases: An Overview

Abstract

Neuroinflammation is considered a chronic activation of the immune response in the central nervous system (CNS) in response to different injuries. This brain immune activation results in various events: circulating immune cells infiltrate the CNS; resident cells are activated; and pro-inflammatory mediators produced and released induce neuroinflammatory brain disease. The effect of immune diffusible mediators on synaptic plasticity might result in CNS dysfunction during neuroinflammatory brain diseases. The CNS dysfunction may induce several human pathological conditions associated with both cognitive impairment and a variable degree of neuroinflammation. Furthermore, age has a powerful effect on enhanced susceptibility to neurodegenerative diseases and age-dependent enhanced neuroinflammatory processes may play an important role in toxin generation that causes death or dysfunction of neurons in neurodegenerative diseases This review will address current understanding of the relationship between ageing, neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative disease by focusing on the principal mechanisms by which the immune system influences the brain plastic phenomena. Also, the present review considers the principal human neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis and psychiatric disorders caused by aging and neuroinflammation.

Inflammation in Alzheimer’s Disease and Molecular Genetics: Recent Update

“…The inflammation can be acute or chronic. The inflammatory reaction that involves in most neurodegenerative diseases (Craft et al 2006;Liu et al 2013;Pizza et al 2011;Sudduth et al 2013;Varnum and Ikezu 2012), is often termed ''neuroinflammation''. Microglia, which is supposed to be the resident macrophages of the brain, and atrocities are the main cells that involve in this process.…”

Repression of the Glucocorticoid Receptor Aggravates Acute Ischemic Brain Injuries in Adult Mice

“…Inflammation is one of the major pathological processes underpinning various neurodegenerative diseases [26]. At the acute stage of strokes, a vast amount of toxic inflammatory factors secreted by activated brain resided or peripherally infiltrated immune cells synergistically contribute to the irreversible cell death and infarction formation [2,27].…”

Chronic Brain Inflammation: The Neurochemical Basis for Drugs to Reduce Inflammation

“…There is also a view that healthy ageing in humans is correlated to a dysfunction of the immune system which then renders elderly people more susceptible to diseases such as autoimmune diseases and acute infections [6]. Neuroinflammation could contribute to cognitive decline with ageing and older brains may be sensitized to neuroinflammatory responses even in the absence of overt neurological diseases.…”