Neurologic Complications of HIV Infection in Children

Civitello, Lucy

doi:10.1159/000120576

Cited by 21 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The lack of contrast enhancement distinguishes them from demyelination. Calcification of the basal ganglia or frontal white matter is also a useful discriminator of HIV (35,36).…”

Section: Case Vignette 2-juvenile Alexander Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Relapsing Demyelinating Syndromes in Children: A Practical Review of Neuroradiological Mimics

et al. 2020

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Relapsing demyelinating syndromes (RDS) in children encompass a diverse spectrum of entities including multiple sclerosis (MS) acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), aquaporin-4 antibody associated neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (AQP4-NMOSD) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disease (MOG-AD). In addition to these, there are "antibody-negative" demyelinating syndromes which are yet to be fully characterized and defined. The paucity of specific biomarkers and overlap in clinical presentations makes the distinction between these disease entities difficult at initial presentation and, as such, there is a heavy reliance on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings to satisfy the criteria for treatment initiation and optimization. Misdiagnosis is not uncommon and is usually related to the inaccurate application of criteria or failure to identify potential clinical and radiological mimics. It is also notable that there are instances where AQP4 and MOG antibody testing may be falsely negative during initial clinical episodes, further complicating the issue. This article illustrates the typical clinico-radiological phenotypes associated with the known pediatric RDS at presentation and describes the neuroimaging mimics of these using a pattern-based approach in the brain, optic nerves, and spinal cord. Practical guidance on key distinguishing features in the form of clinical and radiological red flags are incorporated. A subsection on clinical mimics with characteristic imaging patterns that assist in establishing alternative diagnoses is also included.

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“…The lack of contrast enhancement distinguishes them from demyelination. Calcification of the basal ganglia or frontal white matter is also a useful discriminator of HIV (35,36).…”

Section: Case Vignette 2-juvenile Alexander Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Relapsing Demyelinating Syndromes in Children: A Practical Review of Neuroradiological Mimics

et al. 2020

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“…Children with HIV infection develop a variety of neurological complications, but peripheral nervous system involvement is relatively infrequent compared with the frequent occurrence of peripheral neuropathy described in HIV-infected adults [64].…”

Section: Distal Symmetric Polyneuropathymentioning

confidence: 99%

Nucleoside Analogues Toxicities Related to Mitochondrial Dysfunction: Focus on HIV-Infected Children

Viganò

Giacomet

2005

Antiviral Therapy

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“…In contrast, more than three-quarters of cases among children are transmitted vertically (perinatally) [19,73]. CNS infection may occur early in fetal development, and infection at these early stages may explain why symptoms of HIV encephalopathy tend to develop more rapidly in children than in adults [19,73].…”

Section: Hiv Encephalopathy In Children Epidemiology Clinical Featurmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The neurological course of HIV encephalopathy in children generally falls into one of three categories: subacute progressive, plateau progressive, and static [73]. In subacute progressive encephalopathy (PE), children at first develop slowly but normally; then, social, language, and motor skills begin to be lost.…”

Section: Hiv Encephalopathy In Children Epidemiology Clinical Featurmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Immunodeficiency Virus‐Associated Dementia: Review of Pathogenesis, Prophylaxis, and Treatment Studies of Zidovudine Therapy

Simpson

1999

CLIN INFECT DIS

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Neurologic Complications of HIV Infection in Children

Cited by 21 publications

References 19 publications

Relapsing Demyelinating Syndromes in Children: A Practical Review of Neuroradiological Mimics

Relapsing Demyelinating Syndromes in Children: A Practical Review of Neuroradiological Mimics

Nucleoside Analogues Toxicities Related to Mitochondrial Dysfunction: Focus on HIV-Infected Children

Human Immunodeficiency Virus‐Associated Dementia: Review of Pathogenesis, Prophylaxis, and Treatment Studies of Zidovudine Therapy

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