Neuroprotective effect of panax notoginseng saponins and its main components

Abstract

Stroke is the third leading cause of death and the first cause of adult disability in industrial countries [1]. It is charicaterized by hemiplegia, hemianopsia, aphasia, mouth askew and sever sequelae. It is considered that an ischemic disease without any specific treatment method and few effective drugs such as tPA (human tissue-type plasminogen activator) and Edarovone with specific therapeutic window will cause a lot of disadvantages if being used inaccurate. Root of Panax notoginseng (PN) which is one of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs), was first found in "Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica" around 200 AD. Panax notogineng saponins(PNS) is a multi-components mixture containing ginseng and saponins as the most important bioactive components which are commonly used in clinical treatment. Also, ginseng and saponins form the main components of many herbal medicines in the market, e.g., Xueshuantong injection [2], Xuesaitong injection [3], Xuesaitong soft capsule [4] and so on. The main monomers of Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) are Ginsenoside-Rb1, Gensenoside-Rg1, Gensenoside-Re, Gensenoside-Rd and Panax notoginseng saponins-R1 [5]. In this review, we found some important points as well as shortcomings that require special consideration. We therefore highlighted the advances in neuro-protection of PNS and its main monomers in the area of experimental research.

Hormetic effect of panaxatriol saponins confers neuroprotection in PC12 cells and zebrafish through PI3K/AKT/mTOR and AMPK/SIRT1/FOXO3 pathways

“…It can also significantly improve animal’s learning and memory, reduce neural cell apoptosis and infarct size after cerebral ischemia14. Panaxatriol saponins (PTS), the main components extracted from Panax notoginseng , have multiple bioactivities, including anti-platelet15, hepatoprotective16, anti-ischemia/reperfusion injury, etc 17…”

Sense Ginsenosides From Ginsengs: Structure-Activity Relationship in Autophagy

“…11 To date, more than 280 saponins have been isolated and identified from different parts of ginsengs, including the root, rhizome, stem, leaf, flower, flower bud, fruit, seed, and flower pedicel. [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] Some transformed saponins were isolated from the steamed root or leaf of ginsengs. [21][22][23][24][25] In general, the ginsenosides are classified into dammarane, oleanane, and OCT types (Figure 1).…”

Neuroprotective Effect of Xueshuantong for Injection (Lyophilized) in Transient and Permanent Rat Cerebral Ischemia Model

“…Peroxiredoxin (Prx) 6 is newly identified TLR4-dependent inducers of infiltrating macrophage activation and the subsequent production of inflammatory mediators from invading T cells in the ischemic brain [ 6 , 7 ]. Increased Prx6 was reported to be the major danger associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that induce infiltrating macrophage activation and the subsequent production of cytokines from invading T cells after cerebral ischemia [ 8 ] through TLR4 signal pathway. Therefore, Prx6-TLR4 signaling pathway is believed to be an oval therapeutic strategy for poststroke neuroinflammation and brain injury [ 4 , 9 ].…”