New Trends of Cervical Cancer Incidence in Kazakhstan

Abstract

Objective: The epidemiological features of the cervical cancer (CC) incidence and its spatial and temporal assessment in Kazakhstan were studied. Methods: The retrospective study was done for the period 2009-2018. Descriptive and analytical methods of oncoepidemiology were used. Results: During the study period, 16,441 new cases of CC were registered. The average annual crude and age-standardized incidence rate were 18.6±0.5 and 17.7±0.4 cases per 100,000 population of female, respectively, and their trends tended to increase (Т up =+2.3%; R 2 =0.708 and Т up =+1.9%; R 2 =0.615, respectively). The analysis of ASIR showed unimodal growth with a peak at 50-54 years -45.3±1.1 cases per 100,000 population of female. Trends of ASIR decreased up to 30 years (T down =−1.8%; R 2 =0.111) and 35-59 years (T down =−0.9%; R 2 =0.103), in other age groups the trends increased, and were most pronounced in 40-44 (Т up =+4.1%; R 2 =0.878) and 65-69 years (Т up =+4.4%; R 2 =0.537). Trends in ASR of СС tended to grow in almost all regions, with higher levels in Mangystau (Т up =+4.1%; R 2 =0.482) and Aktobe (Т up =+6.3%; R 2 =0.846) regions. The cartograms of ASR per 100,000 population of female were allocated according to the following criteria: low -up to 16.3, averagefrom 16.3 to 19.2, high -above 19.2. The results of the spatial analysis showed the regions with a higher levels of CC incidence rate per 100,000 population of female: East Kazakhstan (19.8), Aktobe (20.0), Almaty (20.1), Kostanay region (20.9), Atyrau (21.7) regions and Almaty city (22.0). Conclusion: The study of trends of the cervical cancer incidence has the theoretical and practical value: monitoring and evaluation of screening programmes, which are implemented in the country, and conduction of secondary prevention of cervical pathology. Health authorities should consider the obtained results in the in the organization of anti-cancer activities.

What Factors Are Associated with Attitudes towards HPV Vaccination among Kazakhstani Women? Exploratory Analysis of Cross-Sectional Survey Data

“…Thus, this is the first study that aimed to examine attitudes toward HPV vaccination and explore factors associated with a positive attitude toward HPV vaccination in Kazakhstani women. Since HR-HPV prevalence is high among women in Kazakhstan [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 21 ], and cervical cancer incidence has increased in the past decade [ 16 ], becoming the fourth leading cause of death from cancer among women [ 35 ], it is important to implement primary prevention of HPV infection and its related diseases in the country. However, the successful relaunching of the HPV vaccination program largely depends on HPV vaccine attitudes; therefore, studies investigating society’s attitudes towards the vaccine are an essential part of facilitating the process.…”

“…The high prevalence of HR-HPV strains in Kazakhstan is contributing to increasing cervical cancer rates. Over the past 10 years (2009–2018), the crude rate of cervical cancer incidence in Kazakhstan has increased from 16.3 ± 0.4 to 19.5 ± 0.5 per 100,000 female population ( p < 0.001) [ 16 ]. The national cervical cancer screening program was updated in 2017 [ 17 ], and eligible women received the screening free of charge.…”

Corpus Uteri Cancer in Kazakhstan: Recent Incidence Trends

“…In addition, we have conducted studies on other cancers in the female population. According to these studies, there is an increase in the incidence of ovarian cancer (Kuanyshkaliyeva et al, 2016), cervical cancer (Igissinov et al, 2021) and breast cancer (Toguzbayeva et al, 2021). Therefore, the study of global patterns and trends in the incidence of corpus uteri cancer is necessary due to the growing epidemic of obesity, which is the main risk factor for this disease.…”

The Distribution and Prevalence of High-Risk HPV Genotypes Other than HPV-16 and HPV-18 among Women Attending Gynecologists’ Offices in Kazakhstan

“…Despite the presence of the national cervical cancer screening program in Kazakhstan, the disease incidence has increased during the recent decade. The annual rate of cervical cancer incidence in the country increased from 16.3 ± 0.4 per 100,000 female population in 2009 to 19.5 ± 0.5 in 2018 [ 4 ]. This trend could be linked to several factors, such as low coverage of the cervical cancer screening program (around 46%) and the absence of HR-HPV screening.…”