Background: The study conducted a component analysis of the dynamics of the incidence of breast cancer (BC) in Karaganda region. Methods: Primary data were for registered patients with BC (ICD 10–C50) in Kazakhstan, Karaganda region the period of 2009-2018. Evaluation of changes in BC incidence in the population of Karaganda was performed using component analysis according to the methodological recommendations. Results: Overall, 4,391 new cases of BC and 1,202 deaths were recorded. The incidence rate increased from 44.4 (2009) to 72.7 in 2018 and the overall growth was 28.37 per 100,000 population of female, including due to the age structure – ∑ΔA=3.13, due to the risk of acquiring illness – ∑ΔR=22.69 and their combined effect – ∑ΔRA=2.56. The component analysis revealed that the increase in the number of patients with BC was mainly due to the growth of the population (ΔP=+3.7%), changes in its age structure (ΔA=+10.3%) and changes associated with the risk of acquiring illness (ΔR=+75.0%). The mortality rate in the region changed from 18.6 (2009) to 10.9 (2018) and tended to decrease. Conclusion: The role of the influence of demographic factors and the risk of acquiring illness on the formation of the number of patients and the incidence of BC was evaluated. In this region, these indicators were the highest. The implementation of the results of this study is recommended in management of anticancer activities for BC.

Relevance: Worldwide, kidney cancer ranks sixth among the most frequently diagnosed cancers in men and 10th in women, accounting for 5% and 3% of all cancer diagnoses, respectively. In 2020, IARC reported 431,288 new cases and 179,368 deaths from kidney cancer worldwide. By 2040, they expect an increase of 40.4% in kidney cancer incidence (605,726 cases) and 59.4% in kidney cancer mortality (285,906 deaths). The study aimed to analyze some kidney cancer indicators (incidence, mortality, early diagnosis, neglect, morphological verification) to evaluate the oncological care in Kazakhstan in 2010-2019. Methods: A retrospective study using descriptive and analytical methods of biomedical statistics was used as the primary method. Results: From 2010 to 2019, 10,966 new cases of kidney cancer and 3,866 deaths from this pathology were registered in Kazakhstan. kidney cancer incidence increased from 5.6±0.2%⁰⁰⁰ (2010) to 6.7±0.2%⁰⁰⁰ in 2019 (p=0.000). Over time, mortality rates from kidney cancer tended to decrease from 2.6±0.1%⁰⁰⁰ (2010) to 1.9±0.1%⁰⁰⁰ in 2019 (p=0.000). The study reveals a trend: the indicators of early diagnosis (the share of patients with stage I-II) improved from 50.7% (2010) to 69.1% in 2019, and, accordingly, the balance of neglected patients decreased significantly with stage III (from 31.2% to 14.6%) and with stage IV (from 18.1% to 16.0%). Morphological verification indicators for KС improved by 44.7%, from 58.5% and 84.6%, respectively, in 2010 and 2019. Conclusion: The increase in kidney cancer incidence dictates further study of cause-and-effect relationships with risk factors for developing effective preventive measures and screening programs.

Background: Endometrial cancer is the fifteenth most common malignant disease in the world. It is estimated that 417,367 new cases of this malignant neoplasm are diagnosed annually and 97,370 women die from it. Objective: The epidemiological features of the corpus uteri cancer (CUC) incidence and its spatial and temporal assessment in Kazakhstan were studied. Methods: The retrospective study was done for the period 2009-2018. Descriptive and analytical methods of epidemiology were used. Crude, age-specific, age-standardized, equalized incidence rates and approximation were calculated. The method of drawing up a cartogram based on the determination of the standard deviation (σ) from the mean (x) was applied. Result: During the study period, 10,522 new cases of CUC were registered. The average annual age-standardized incidence rate was 11.1±0.2 cases per 100,000 population of female, (Т=+0.6%; R2=0.083). The analysis of ASIR showed unimodal growth with a peak at 65-69 years -58.8±3.6 cases per 100,000 population of female. The most pronounced downward trend was revealed in the age group < 30 years (T=−2.6%), and the most pronounced annual average upward rates was in 80-84 years (T=+6.4%). The results of the spatial analysis showed regions with a higher levels of CUC incidence rate per 100,000 population of female: Pavlodar, Kostanay, Karaganda, Almaty city, North Kazakhstan and Astana city. Conclusion: In recent years, CUC incidence in Kazakhstan has been increasing. High incidence rates were found in the northern regions of the country, and the trend of incidence growth was more pronounced in the western and eastern regions.

Relevance: Worldwide, kidney cancer (KC) ranks sixth among the most frequently diagnosed cancers in men and 10th in women, accounting for 5% and 3% of all cancer diagnoses, respectively. In 2020, IARC reported 431,288 new cases and 179,368 deaths from KC worldwide. By 2040, they expect an increase of 40.4% in KC incidence (605,726 cases) and 59.4% in KC mortality (285,906 deaths). The aim was to analyze some kidney cancer indicators (incidence, mortality, early diagnosis, neglect, morphological verification) to evaluate the oncological care in Kazakhstan in 2010-2019. 25. Ahmad O.E., Boschi-Pinto C., Lopez A.D., Murray C.J.L., Lozano R., Inoue M. Age standardization of rates: a new WHO standard. – GPE Discussion Paper Series: No.31. – EIP/GPE/EBD World Health Organization, 2001. https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/defaultsource/gho-documents/global-health-estimates/gpe_discussion_ paper_series_paper31_2001_age_standardization_rates.pdf. 21.11.2022 26. Мерков А.М., Поляков Л.Е. Санитарная статистика. – Ленинград: Медицина, 1974 г. – 384 с. [Merkov A.M., Polyakov L.E. Sanitarnaya statistika. – Leningrad: Medicina, 1974 g. – 384 s. (in Russ.)]. 27. Гланц C. Медико-биологическая статистика. Пер. с англ. — М.: Практика, 1998. – 459 с. 28. Расчет t-критерия Стьюдента при сравнении средних величин (онлайн калькулятор) [Raschet t-kriteriya St’yudenta pri sravnenii srednix velichin (onlajn kal’kulyator) (in Russ.)] // medstatistic. ru/calculators/averagestudent.html. 21.11.2022 29. Закон Республики Казахстан. О государственной статистике: утв. 19 марта 2010 года, № 257-IV [Zakon Respubliki Kazaxstan. O gosudarstvennoj statistike: utv. 19 marta 2010 goda, № 257-IV (in Russ.)] // http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/Z100000257 30. WMA Declaration of Helsinki – Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects. – 2013. . 21.11.2022. 31. Alkhateeb S.S., Alkhateeb J.M., Alrashidi E.A. Increasing trends in kidney cancer over the last 2 decades in Saudi Arabia // Saudi Med J. – 2015. – Vol. 36. – P. 698-703. https://doi.org/10.15537/smj.2015.6.10841 32. Arabsalmani M., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Ghoncheh M., Hadadian F., Towhidi F., Vafaee K., Salehiniya H. Incidence and mortality of kidney cancers, and human development index in Asia; a matter of concern // J. Nephropathol. – 2016. – Vol. 6. – P. 30-42. https://doi. org/10.15171/jnp.2017.06 33. Thorstenson A., Bergman M., Scherman-Plogell A.H., Hosseinnia S., Ljungberg B., Adolfsson J., Lundstam S. Tumour characteristics and surgical treatment of renal cell carcinoma in Sweden 2005-2010: a population-based study from the national Swedish kidney cancer register // Scand. J. Urol. – 2014. – Vol. 48. – P. 231-238. https://doi.org/10.3109/21 681805.2013.864698 ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ ЗДРАВООХРАНЕНИЯ Онкология и радиология Казахстана, №4 (66) 2022 9 Прозрачность исследования: Авторы несут полную ответственность за содержание данной статьи. Конфликт интересов: Авторы заявляют об отсутствии конфликта интересов. Финансирование: Авторы заявляют об отсутствии финансирования исследования. Вклад авторов: вклад в концепцию – Кудайбергенова И.О., Игисинов Н.С., Дьяков С.С.; научный дизайн – Билялова З.А., Игисинова Г.С., Дьяков С.С.; исполнение заявленного научного исследования – Орозбаев С.Т., Дьяков С.С.; интерпретация заявленного научного исследования – Ажетова Ж.Р., Дьяков С.С., Тельманова Ж.Б.; создание научной статьи – Дьяков С.С., Тельманова Ж.Б. Сведения об авторах: Дьяков Сергей Сергеевич – науч. сотр. ОО «Central Asian Institute for Medical Research», Астана, Республика Казахстан; аспирант ГУ «Кыргызской государственной медицинской академии им. Ахунбаева», Бишкек, Кыргызская Республика; врач лучевой диагностики в РГП на ПХВ «Национальном научном Центре Травматологии и Ортопедии им. Акад. Н.Д. Батпенова МЗ РК», Астана, Республика Казахстан, тел. +77024622269, e-mail: sergey_djakov@mail.ru, ID ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7566-7094; Тельманова Жансая Бекмакановна – науч. сотр. ОО «Central Asian Institute for Medical Research», Астана, Республика Казахстан; науч. сотр. ОО «Eurasian Institute for Cancer Research», Бишкек, Кыргызская Республика; интерн 7-го курса факультета общей врачебной практики НАО «Медицинский университет Астана», Астана, Республика Казахстан, тел. +77075059398, e-mail: telmanova.zhansaya@gmail.com, ID ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2364-6520; Билялова Зарина Ароновна – PhD, асс. проф., гл. науч. сотр. ОО «Central Asian Institute for Medical Research», Астана, Республика Казахстан; ст. науч. сотр. ОО «Eurasian Institute for Cancer Research», Бишкек, Кыргызская Республика, тел. +77051464888,e-mail: z.bilyalova@gmail.com, ID ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0066-235X; Ажетова Жанерке Рахимбаевна – доц. каф. акушерства и гинекологии, НАО «Медицинский университет Астана», Астана, Республика Казахстан; науч. сотр. ОО «Central Asian Institute for Medical Research», Астана, Республика Казахстан, тел. +77017398009, e-mail: azhetova@mail.ru, ID ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8266-1720; Игисинова Гульнур Сагинбековна – к.м.н., доц. каф. онкологии, НАО «КазНМУ им. Асфендиярова», Алматы, Республика Казахстан; Учредитель и председатель ОО «Central Asian Institute for Medical Research», Астана, Республика Казахстан, e-mail: gulnurs@list.ru, ID ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6881-2257; Орозбаев Серикбай Тлеугабылович – к.м.н., доц. каф. хирургических болезней с курсами кардиоторакальной хирургии и ЧЛХ, НАО «Медицинский университет Астана», Астана, Республика Казахстан, науч. сотр. ОО «Central Asian Institute for Medical Research», Астана, Республика Казахстан, тел. +77015339881, e-mail: orazbaev_s.t@mail.ru, ID ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3895-0426; Кудайбергенова Индира Орозбаевна – д.м.н., проф., Ректор ГУ «Кыргызской государственной медицинской академии им. Ахунбаева», Бишкек, Кыргызская Республика; гл. науч. сотр. ОО «Eurasian Institute for Cancer Research», Бишкек, Кыргызская Республика, тел. +0(312)540495, e-mail: k_i_o2403@mail.ru, ID ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3007-8127; Игисинов Нурбек Сагинбекович (корреспондирующий автор) – д.м.н., проф., рук. ОО «Central Asian Institute for Medical Research», Астана, Республика Казахстан; проф. каф. хирургических болезней с курсами кардиоторакальной хирургии и ЧЛХ, НАО «Медицинский университет Астана», Астана, Республика Казахстан; Учредитель и председатель ОО «Eurasian Institute for Cancer Research», Бишкек, Кыргызская Республика; проф. каф. менеджмента научных исследований, ГУ «Кыргызская государственная медицинская академия им. Ахунбаева», Бишкек, Кыргызская Республика; НАО «Медицинский университет Астана», Астана, 010000, ул. Бейбитшилик, 49а, Республика Казахстан, тел. +77024293421, e-mail: n.igissinov@gmail.com, ID ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2517-6315. Methods: The material of the study was the data of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan – annual Form No. 7 and 35 concerning KC (ICD 10 – C64) for 2010-2019 – incidence, mortality, early diagnosis, neglect, morphological verification. A retrospective study using descriptive and analytical methods of biomedical statistics was used as the main method. Results: From 2010 to 2019, 10,966 new cases of KC and 3,866 deaths from this pathology were registered in Kazakhstan. KC incidence increased from 5.9±0.2%⁰⁰⁰ (2010) to 6.7±0.2%⁰⁰⁰ in 2019 (p=0.000). In dynamics, mortality rates from KC tended to decrease from 2.6±0.1%⁰⁰⁰ (2010) to 1.8±0.1%⁰⁰⁰ in 2019 (p=0.000). The study reveals a trend: the indicators of early diagnosis (the proportion of patients with stage I-II) improved from 50.7% (2010) to 69.1% in 2019, and, accordingly, the proportion of neglected patients decreased significantly with stage III (from 31.2% to 14.6%) and with stage IV (from 18.1% to 16.0%). Morphological verification indicators for KС improved by 44.7%, from 58.5% and 84.6%, respectively, in 2010 and 2019. Conclusion: The increase in KC incidence dictates further study of cause-and-effect relationships with risk factors to develop effective preventive measures and screening programs.

Objective:The article studies the geographical features of the incidence of gastric cancer (GC) in Kazakhstan. Methods: The retrospective study was done for the period 2009-2018. Descriptive and analytical methods of oncoepidemiology were used. Crude (CR), age-specific (ASIR), age-standardized (ASR), equalized incidence rates and approximation were calculated. The dynamics of indicators was investigated using component analysis according to methodological recommendations. The method of drawing up a cartogram based on the determination of the standard deviation (σ) from the mean (x) was applied. Results: During the study period, 27,467 new cases of GC were registered. The incidence rate increased from 16.80 (2009) to 15.10 in 2018 and the overall decline was 1.70 per 100,000 population, including due to the age structure -∑Δ A =+1.51, due to the risk of acquiring illness -∑Δ R =−2.91 and their combined effect -∑Δ RA =−0.31. The component analysis revealed that the increase in the number of patients with GC was mainly due to the growth of the population (Δ P =+651.8%), changes in its age structure (Δ A =+433.9%) and changes associated with the risk of acquiring illness (Δ R =−832.1%). The cartograms were allocated according to the following criteria: low -up to 14.8 0 / 0000 , average -from 14.8 to 19.2 0 / 0000 , high -above 19.2 0 / 0000 . The results of the spatial assessment showed the highest levels of GC incidence in following regions: Akmola (22.2 0 / 0000 ), North Kazakhstan (22.3 0 / 0000 ), and Pavlodar (23.2 0 / 0000 ). Conclusion: Thus, as a result of the epidemiological analysis, the role of the influence of demographic factors and the risk of acquiring illness on the formation of the number of patients and the incidence of GC was evaluated, while sex differences and geographical variability were established.