Newer oral antimicrobials for resistant respiratory tract pathogens

Abstract

As antimicrobial resistance to tried-and-true drugs continues to build, an arsenal of new drugs aimed at resistant respiratory tract pathogens is needed. Penicillin is now ineffective against several common pathogens, including many pneumococcal organisms. Newer antimicrobials, including macrolides, cephalosporins, and fluoroquinolones, have been developed to take its place. The authors of this article present a progress report of the fight against respiratory tract infection and an assessment of the most promising newer agents for use against multidrug-resistant pathogens.

Crystal structure, spectroscopic, and biological study of the copper(II) complex with third-generation quinolone antibiotic sparfloxacin

“…2 In comparison with first-(nalidixic acid, cinoxacin) and second-(norfloxacin, enoxacin, ofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin) generation, third-generation quinolones (levofloxacin, sparfloxacin, gatifloxacin, and moxifloxacin) show a much broader spectrum of activity providing expanded gram-negative and grampositive activity coverage as well as expanded activity against atypical pathogens. [3][4][5] The interaction of transition metal ions with diverse first-and second-generation quinolones as ligands has been studied. 6 Specially, for copper(II) the crystal structures of complexes of ciprofloxacin, 7 cinoxacin, 8,9 and ofloxacin 10 have been reported as well as mixed ligands neutral mononuclear copper(II) complexes of phenanthroline with nalidixic acid, 11 cinoxacin, 12 and ciprofloxacin, 13,14 and ionic copper(II) complexes of protonated norfloxacin.…”

Moxifloxacin-capped noble metal nanoparticles as potential urease inhibitors

“…Deionized water was used throughout the reactions for the synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles. NaBH4 (50 mM) fresh solution was prepared by 40 dissolving 19 mg in 10 mL triply distilled water. A digital pH meter model 510 (Oakton, Eutech) equipped with a glass working electrode and a reference Ag/AgCl electrode was hired for pH measurements.…”

“…35 Now a days, chemical reduction, physical processes and biological methods are considered authentic and popular procedures for the synthesis of noble metal nanoparticles. Among them, the most convenient protocol is the reduction of silver/gold salts with inorganic reducing agents at relatively elevated 40 temperature [12][13] . Due to unique shape and having relatively smaller size, nanoparticles are reasonably susceptible to aggregates.…”

“…Nowadays, clinically they are the most successful 10 synthetic antibacterial drugs 36-37 which successfully inhibited DNA replication and are frequently used for the treatment of numerous infections [37][38] . In contrast to first-(nalidixicb acid, cinoxacin) and second-(norfloxacin, enoxacin, ofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin) generation, the third-generation quinolones such as 15 levofloxacin, sparfloxacin, gatifloxacin, and moxifloxacin have displayed a much broader spectrum of activity providing expanded gram-negative and gram-positive activity against a typical pathogens 39,40 .…”

Influence of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) on the interaction between sparfloxacin and calf thymus DNA

“…In general, quinolones can act as antibacterial drugs that effectively inhibit DNA replication and are commonly used as treatment for many infections [1,2]. Compared with first-(nalidixicacid, cinoxacin) and second-(norfloxacin, enoxacin, ofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin) generation, thirdgeneration quinolones (levofloxacin, sparfloxacin, gatifloxacin, and moxifloxacin) show a much broader spectrum of activity providing expanded gram-negative and gram-positive activity coverage as well as expanded activity against atypical pathogens [2][3][4]. The interaction of metal ions (M) with diverse first-and second-generation quinolones as ligands, and the influence of the metal ions on the binding between the quinolones and DNA have been studied [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12].…”