Nicotine: Pharmacology, Toxicity and Therapeutic use

Fagerström, Karl

doi:10.1017/jsc.2014.27

Cited by 26 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…A few studies have evaluated the biological effects from inhaled propylene glycol (Robertson et al, 1947 ; Suber et al, 1989 ; Werley et al, 2011 ) and glycerol (Renne & Gideon, 2006 ; RJ Reynolds Tobacco Company, 1988 ), two commonly used vehicles in e-cigaret aerosol formulations. An abundance of literature exists on nicotine and its pharmacologic, physiologic, toxicologic and sensory effects when delivered through many different routes of exposure (Fagerström, 2014 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicological assessment of a prototype e-cigaret device and three flavor formulations: a 90-day inhalation study in rats

Werley

Kirkpatrick

Oldham

et al. 2016

Inhalation Toxicology

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A prototype electronic cigaret device and three formulations were evaluated in a 90-day rat inhalation study followed by a 42-day recovery period. Animals were randomly assigned to groups for exposure to low-, mid- and high-dose levels of aerosols composed of vehicle (glycerin and propylene glycol mixture); vehicle and 2.0% nicotine; or vehicle, 2.0% nicotine and flavor mixture. Daily targeted aerosol total particulate matter (TPM) doses of 3.2, 9.6 and 32.0 mg/kg/day were achieved by exposure to 1 mg/L aerosol for 16, 48 and 160 min, respectively. Pre-study evaluations included indirect ophthalmoscopy, virology and bacteriological screening. Body weights, clinical observations and food consumption were monitored weekly. Plasma nicotine and cotinine and carboxyhemoglobin levels were measured at days 28 and 90. After days 28, 56 and 90, lung function measurements were obtained. Biological endpoints after 90-day exposure and 42-day recovery period included clinical pathology, urinalysis, bronchoalveolar fluid (BALF) analysis, necropsy and histopathology. Treatment-related effects following 90 days of exposure included changes in body weight, food consumption and respiratory rate. Dose-related decreases in thymus and spleen weights, and increased BALF lactate dehydrogenase, total protein, alveolar macrophages, neutrophils and lung weights were observed. Histopathology evaluations revealed sporadic increases in nasal section 1–4 epithelial hyperplasia and vacuolization. Following the recovery period, effects in the nose and BALF were persistent while other effects were resolved. The no observed effect level based upon body weight decreases is considered to be the mid-dose level for each formulation, equivalent to a daily TPM exposure dose of approximately 9.6 mg/kg/day.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicological assessment of a prototype e-cigaret device and three flavor formulations: a 90-day inhalation study in rats

Werley

Kirkpatrick

Oldham

et al. 2016

Inhalation Toxicology

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“…It is predicted that by 2025, this number will reach to 10 million. [1] Mortality resulting from smoking has been taken into consideration. [5] In Iran, about 10 million people smoke.…”

Section: Original Articlementioning

confidence: 99%

“…igarette contains nicotine that is naturally found in plants belonging to the Solanaceae family and is consumed in all countries, cultures, and religions regularly. [1] Each year, thousands of people die due to smoking. Cigarette is currently the biggest deadly substance in human societies.…”

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confidence: 99%

Untitled

Sahbaeiroy¹

2018

AJP

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Background and Objective: There is no standard questionnaire on smoking cessation in smokers according to precaution adoption process model (PAPM). Therefore, the present study aimed to design and psychometrically evaluate a smoking cessation instrument in patients hospitalized in Babol, Iran, according to PAPM. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive and instrument validation study. In this study, 470 smokers hospitalized in hospitals affiliated to the Medical University of Babol, Iran, were selected based on the available sampling method. Those who were highly dependent on nicotine were selected. The designed questionnaire was examined in terms of face validity, content validity, construct validity, and internal consistency. The reliability of the questionnaire was examined using Cronbach's alpha and internal consistency. Results: Most of the people were with moderate dependence on nicotine (86%) at the fourth level (28.9%) of the pattern. The results of content validity showed content validity ratio of 0.83 and content validity index of 0.98. Seven factors were extracted from exploratory factor analysis. The results of exploratory factor analysis according to Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure and Bartlett test were 0.93 and 1124.63, respectively. The results of confirmatory factor analysis of instruments for 470 subjects were extracted with X 2 and degree of freedom of 2.86, mean of error square of 0.06, goodness of fit index of 0.9, and adaptive goodness of fit of 0.9 Cronbach's alpha (0.93) and correlation (0.99) confirmed the reliability of instrument in test-retest method. Conclusion: The findings showed that smoking cessation instrument based on PAPM has acceptable reliability and validity to determine the behavior of smoking in smoker men and can be used in studies on change in behavior and designing intervention programs to stop smoking.

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“…Small doses can be stimulating, but large doses cripple all nerves activated by acetylcholine, a special chemical that emits nerve impulse [7]. Nicotine is naturally found in the plants belonging to the Solanaceae family [8], such as tomatoes, potatoes, eggplants and green pepper at levels that are very small compared to tobacco. Nicotine is an alkaloid substance that exist in tobacco plants and also tobacco in cigarette butts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effectiveness Cigarette Butts as Liquid Anti-Termite

Syifa¹,

Sulhadi²,

Darsono³

2020

Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Science, Education and Technology, ISET 2019, 29th June 2

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The main food of termites is cellulose. Wooden home furniture is often eaten by termites. Even termites can damage building construction. We can find cigarette butts around us that it becomes a waste that pollutes the environment. Nicotine alkaloid substances can paralyze the nerves and it's really effective to control insects including termites. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of tobacco content liquid antitermite to control termites. The method is used as a wood-decoy technique that is smearing and soaking with liquid anti-termites of each tobacco mass containing 1 gr, 2 gr, 3 gr, 4 gr, 5 gr, and 6 gr. Observations are conducted once in every 3 hours for 24 hours. The results of this study show that the most effective liquid anti-termite to control termites is liquid anti-termite with a mass content of 6 grams of tobacco, the percentage of mortality at 12 hours of observation reaches 100% and the mass of wood does not decrease.

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Nicotine: Pharmacology, Toxicity and Therapeutic use

Cited by 26 publications

References 65 publications

Toxicological assessment of a prototype e-cigaret device and three flavor formulations: a 90-day inhalation study in rats

Toxicological assessment of a prototype e-cigaret device and three flavor formulations: a 90-day inhalation study in rats

Untitled

The Effectiveness Cigarette Butts as Liquid Anti-Termite

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