In iron-replete cells the posttranscriptional regulator IRP2 undergoes ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. A similar response occurs in cells exposed to sodium nitroprusside (SNP), an NO-releasing drug.
It has been proposed that nitroprusside ([Fe(CN) 5 NO]2؊ ) fails to donate iron into cells and that it promotes IRP2 degradation via S nitrosylation at C178. This residue is located within a stretch of 73 amino acids, earlier proposed to define an iron-dependent degradation domain. Surprisingly, we show that IRP2 bearing a C178S mutation or a ⌬73 deletion is sensitive to degradation not only by ferric ammonium citrate (FAC) but also by SNP. Moreover, FAC and SNP attenuate the RNA-binding activities of IRP2 and its homologue IRP1 with similar kinetics. Actinomycin D, cycloheximide, succinylacetone, and dimethyl-oxalylglycine antagonize IRP2 degradation in response to both FAC and SNP, suggesting a common mechanistic basis. IRP2 is not only sensitive to fresh, but also to photodegraded SNP and remains unaffected by S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), an established nitrosation agent. Importantly, both fresh and photodegraded SNP, but not GSNO, promote a >4-fold increase in the calcein-accessible labile iron pool. Collectively, these results suggest that IRP2 degradation by SNP does not require S nitrosylation but rather represents a response to iron loading.Iron regulatory proteins, IRP1 and IRP2, are posttranscriptional regulators of iron metabolism (13, 32). They coordinately control the expression of mRNAs containing iron-responsive elements (IREs), such as those encoding transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) and ferritin. In iron-deficient cells, IRPs are activated for high-affinity IRE-binding, and IRE-IRP interactions stabilize TfR1 mRNA and inhibit ferritin mRNA translation. These homeostatic responses stimulate acquisition of extracellular iron via TfR1 and prevent its storage in ferritin.IRPs control the expression of additional IRE-containing mRNAs encoding proteins with crucial functions in body iron homeostasis, such as the erythroid-specific enzyme of the heme biosynthetic pathway aminolevulinate synthase 2 and the iron transporters ferroportin 1 and DMT1 (13, 32). IRP1/IRP2 double-knockout mice exhibit early embryonic lethality (38). The targeted inactivation of IRP1 has yielded only minor phenotypic abnormalities in the kidney and in brown fat (29), whereas the disruption of IRP2 has been associated with a progressive adult onset neurodegenerative disorder (28) and/or microcytosis (5, 10).Experiments with IRP1 Ϫ/Ϫ and IRP2 Ϫ/Ϫ cells showed that IRP1 and IRP2 have similar iron-sensing capacities under typical tissue culture conditions with 21% oxygen; however, when oxygen concentration was reduced to 3 to 6%, which is believed to mimic physiological conditions in tissues, only IRP2 responded to alterations in iron levels (30). It appears that under these conditions (30) and in animal tissues (29), IRP1 predominates in the cytosolic aconitase form and does not very efficiently respond to iron deficiency, whic...