Nitrogen and Phosphorus Recovery from Human Urine by Struvite Precipitation and Air Stripping in Vietnam

Antonini, Samantha; Paris, Stefania; Eichert, Thomas; Clemens, Joachim

doi:10.1002/clen.201100036

Cited by 106 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…A variety of media have been tested for their contaminant adsorption capacity. These include P sorbing materials, such as drinking water residuals, struvite (Antonini et al 2011), bauxite mining and production waste, fly ash and gypsum (Grubb et al 2011(Grubb et al , 2012. There are field examples of such structures using different materials, e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mixed Agricultural Pollutant Mitigation Using Woodchip/Pea Gravel and Woodchip/Zeolite Permeable Reactive Interceptors

Ibrahim

Goutelle

Healy

et al. 2015

Water Air Soil Pollut

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Dairy soiled water (DSW) is water from concreted areas, hard stand areas and holding areas for livestock that has become contaminated by livestock faeces or urine, chemical fertilisers and parlour washings. Losses of DSW occur as point (e.g. storage, pivot irrigators) and diffuse losses (e.g. during or shortly after land application). The concept of a permeable reactive interceptor (PRI), comprising a denitrifying bioreactor woodchip cell to convert nitrate (NO 3 − ) to dinitrogen (N 2 ) gas and an adsorptive media cell for phosphorus (P) and ammonium (NH 4 + ) mitigation, attempts to simultaneously treat mixed pollutants. This study is the first attempt to test this concept at laboratory-scale. Washing of woodchip media prior to PRI operation produced low NO 3 − but high NH 4 + , dissolved reactive P (DRP) and dissolved organic carbon losses. Dairy soiled water was then treated in replicated PRIs containing woodchip in combination with zeolite or gravel compartments. In general, all PRIs were highly efficient at reducing NO 3 − , NH 4 + , DRP, dissolved unreactive phosphorus (DUP) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) from an influent water replicating DSW. Longitudinal and hydrochemical PRI profiles, as well as zeolite batch experiments, showed that woodchip can both enhance NO 3 − reduction and adsorb nutrients. Since woodchip is likely to become saturated, it is important to place the reactive media cell further into the sequence of treatment. Even though the majority of the dissolved nutrients were mitigated, the PRIs also emitted greenhouse gases, which would need further remediation sequences.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mixed Agricultural Pollutant Mitigation Using Woodchip/Pea Gravel and Woodchip/Zeolite Permeable Reactive Interceptors

Ibrahim

Goutelle

Healy

et al. 2015

Water Air Soil Pollut

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“…Many researchers have focused on struvite production from human urine, for example in Nepal, 5,6 Vietnam, 7 and Durban, South Africa. 8,9 Human urine is the main source of P in wastewater.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacteria Inactivation during the Drying of Struvite Fertilizers Produced from Stored Urine

Bischel

Schindelholz

Schoger

et al. 2016

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Human urine can be processed into market-attractive fertilizers like struvite; however, concerns regarding the microbial safety of such products remain. The present study evaluated the inactivation of in situ heterotrophs, total bacteria as observed by flow cytometry, and inoculated Enterococcus spp. and Salmonella typhimurium during the drying of struvite under controlled temperature (from 5 to 35°C) and relative humidity (approximately 40 and 80%) as well as dynamic field conditions. Bacteria accumulated in the struvite cake during struvite filtration. Despite the use of sublethal temperatures, all bacteria types were subsequently inactivated to some degree during struvite drying, and the inactivation typically increased with increasing drying temperature for a given relative humidity. Heterotrophic bacteria inactivation mirrored the trend in total bacteria during struvite drying. A linear relationship was observed between inactivation and sample moisture content. However, bacteria survivor curves were typically nonlinear when struvite was dried at low relative humidity, indicating bacterial persistence. Weibull model survivor curve fits indicated that a shift in the mechanism of inactivation may occur with changing humidity. For increased efficiency of bacterial inactivation during the production of struvite, initial heating under moist conditions is recommended followed by desiccation.

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“…High power consumption has also been estimated for freeze concentration of urine [10]. Another option is struvite precipitation by adding Mg 2+ to the stored urine [11]- [13]. Although struvite is a tradable fertilizer and salts and pharmaceuticals are separated from the fertilizing substance, this process bears the disadvantage of losing the nutrient potassium.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is also the case when phosphate is separated from urine by anion exchange [14]. Additionally, zeolite adsorption [15] [16] and stripping [11] [17]- [19] of stored urine have been investigated for ammonia removal and recovery. However, other nutrients remain in the aqueous solution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pretreating Stored Human Urine for Solar Evaporation by Low-Technology Ammonia Stripping

Gulyas¹,

Zhang²,

Otterpohl³

2014

JEP

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In order to avoid the loss of ammonia during solar drying of stored urine, low-tech stripping is suggested as a pretreatment process for ammonia recovery. The mass transfer of ammonia from stored urine with an initial pH of about 9 was tested in a simple closed vessel operated at 72˚C, 74˚C and 85˚C. The specific urine/gas interface was 16.97 m −1 . For ammonia absorption, a beaker with sulfuric acid was positioned in the gas phase of the container. After keeping the stored urine for 73 h at 85˚C, the concentration of free ammonia (NH3) was reduced by more than 99%, and the pH of the stored urine decreased to 6.4 due to ammonia volatilization. Total ammonia ( 3 NH + + 4 NH ) concentration was reduced by only 83% in the same period. At lower temperatures, the process was slower. Required treatment time can be reduced when specific gas/liquid interface is increased. Because it is known that water can be heated in solar boxes to temperatures above 90˚C, this simple stripping apparatus is feasible to be operated with solar energy in remote areas with suitable climatic conditions where no electric power is available. As the area demand for solar "low-tech stripping" is less than 1 m 2 per capita, this process can be looked at as a suitable pretreatment of stored urine prior to solar evaporation.

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Nitrogen and Phosphorus Recovery from Human Urine by Struvite Precipitation and Air Stripping in Vietnam

Cited by 106 publications

References 29 publications

Mixed Agricultural Pollutant Mitigation Using Woodchip/Pea Gravel and Woodchip/Zeolite Permeable Reactive Interceptors

Mixed Agricultural Pollutant Mitigation Using Woodchip/Pea Gravel and Woodchip/Zeolite Permeable Reactive Interceptors

Bacteria Inactivation during the Drying of Struvite Fertilizers Produced from Stored Urine

Pretreating Stored Human Urine for Solar Evaporation by Low-Technology Ammonia Stripping

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