Nitrogen and α-Ketoglutaric Acid Application Modulate Grain Yield, Aroma, Nutrient Uptake and Physiological Attributes in Fragrant Rice

Effect of application of iron (Fe) and α-ketoglutaric acid on growth, photosynthesis, and Fe content in fragrant rice seedlings

“…In line with previous studies on the effects of interactions among several plant regulators on the growth and development of plants (Liu et al 2020, Fu et al 2021, we studied the effect of the interaction between α-ketoglutaric acid and Fe on the seedling growth of fragrant rice. The Fe+A+ treatment resulted in an increment in intercellular CO 2 concentration at 2 and 5 DAS, and a decrement in net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate at 2-5 DAS (except the gs of Yuxiangyouzhan at 4 and 5 DAS) in both cultivars (Figs.…”

“…Similarly, Du et al (2021) showed that the exogenous application of α-ketoglutaric acid improved the 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline content in grains and enhanced the quality of fragrant rice. In addition, the interaction of high nitrogen and α-ketoglutaric acid significantly affected the agronomic traits and greatly increased the grain yield and 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline content in fragrant rice (Fu et al 2021).…”

“…Numerous studies have reported the effects of interaction between plant regulators, such as the interaction between water regimes and nitrogen application, carbon dioxide and temperature, calcium and silicon, cadmium and mineral nutrients, α-ketoglutaric acid and nitrogen, and Fe and zinc (Zn) on the growth of rice (Ma and Takahashi 1993, Liu et al 2003, Yuan et al 2013, Wang et al 2016, Ren et al 2017, Mo et al 2019, Fu et al 2021. For instance, an interaction between α-ketoglutaric acid and Zn has been reported to regulate rice growth, gas-exchange attributes, and chlorophyll fluorescence in rice seedlings (Liu et al 2020).…”

Biosynthesis of 2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline in Fragrant Rice: Recent Insights into Agro-management, Environmental Factors, and Functional Genomics

“…However, the application of nutrients must be time and stage-specific to achieve the maximum aroma in fragrant rice. For example, the application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer during the booting stage increased the 2-AP contents in different parts of fragrant rice, − whereas there is also conflicting evidence that grain aroma contents were the highest when N levels were low. , In addition to aroma, other qualitative traits, such as softness, whiteness, and stickiness of cooked rice showed an inverse correlation with N application rates. , Nitrate (NO 3 – ), urea (CO [NH 2 ] 2 ), or ammonium (NH 4 + ) are the available forms of N and could regulate the aroma and flavor of rice. − , Furthermore, not only N but supplementation of phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), Mn, and Zn as well as a combination of N and α-ketoglutaric acid increased the 2-AP content. , Furthermore, the development of modified fertilizer products, such as a special fertilizer (New Organic–Inorganic Compound Fertilizer), vermicompost, and modified chicken litter, improved the aroma of fragrant rice. − Interestingly, fertilizer application depth also affected the grain 2-AP contents. For instance, the application of fertilizers at 10 cm depth positively impacts the 2-AP content owing to improved nutrient uptake and use efficiencies that modulated the activities of the enzymes involved in 2-AP biosynthesis, such as P5C and P5CS .…”

“…[37][38][39]42 Furthermore, not only N but supplementation of phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), Mn, and Zn as well as a combination of N and αketoglutaric acid increased the 2-AP content. 43,44 Furthermore, the development of modified fertilizer products, such as a special fertilizer (New Organic−Inorganic Compound Fertilizer), vermicompost, and modified chicken litter, improved the aroma of fragrant rice. 45−48 Interestingly, fertilizer application depth also affected the grain 2-AP contents.…”