Nitrogen contribution of field pea in annual cropping systems. 2. Total nitrogen benefit

Beckie, Hugh J.; Brandt, S.A.; Schoenau, Jeff J.; Campbell, Carol; Henry, J. L.; Janzen, H. H.

doi:10.4141/p96-158

Cited by 51 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…For peas, a much lower amount of their N requirements is derived from BNF, and the fixed N is removed in the grain harvest resulting in field N balances around zero, or even turning negative. This agrees well with published data, that shows an enormous range in this variable, although some studies show a positive effect of grain legumes on the field N balance (Badaruddin and Meyer 1994;White et al 1994;Beckie et al 1997;Schmidtke 1999;Schwenke et al 1998), whereas others show a neutral or a negative effect Hossain et al 1996;Armstrong et al 1997;Schmidtke 1997;Reiter et al 2002). Legume cover cropping could be a very important source of N (Table 3) in organic cropping systems.…”

Section: N Inputssupporting

confidence: 92%

Influence of different manuring systems with and without biogas digestion on soil organic matter and nitrogen inputs, flows and budgets in organic cropping systems

Möller

2009

Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst

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Nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) cycles are closely linked in organic farming systems. Use of residues for biogas digestion may reduce N-losses and lead to higher farmland productivity. However, digestion is connected to large losses of organic C. It is the purpose of this paper (1) to compare farming systems based on liquid slurry and solid farmyard manure regarding the N, C and organic dry matter (ODM) inputs and flows, (2) to analyse the effect of digestion on soil N, C and ODM inputs and flows within the cropping system, (3) to assess the effects of organic manure management on biological N 2 fixation (BNF), and (4) to assess the effect of biogas digestion on the sustainability of the cropping systems in terms of N and C budgets. The BNF by clover/grass-leys was the most important single N input, followed by the BNF supplied by legume cover cropping. Growth of crops in organic farming systems is very often N limited, and not limited by the soil C inputs. However, balances of N inputs showed that the implemented organic farming systems have the potential to supply high amounts of N to meet crop N demand. The level of plant available N to non-legume main crops was much lower, in comparison to the total N inputs. Reasons were the non-synchronized timing of N mineralization and crop N demand, the high unproductive gaseous N losses and an unfocussed allocation in space and time of the circulating N within the crop rotation (e.g. allocation of immobile manures to legumes or of mobile manures to cover crops). Simultaneously, organic cropping systems very often showed large C surpluses, which may be potentially increased the N shortage due to the immobilization of N. Soil organic matter supply and soil humus balance (a balance sheet calculated from factors describing the cultivation effects on humus increasing and humus depleting crops, and organic manure application) were higher in cropping systems based on liquid slurry than in those based on solid farmyard manure (?19%). Simultaneously, soil N surplus was higher due to lower gaseous N losses (?14%). Biogas digestion of slurry had only a very slight effect on both the soil N and the soil C budget. The effect on the N budget was also slight if the liquid slurry was stored in closed repositories. Digestion of residues like slurry, crop residues and cover crops reduced in a mixed farming system the soil C supply unilaterally (approximately -33%), and increased the amounts of readily available N (approximately ?70-75%). The long-term challenge for organic farming systems is to find instruments that reduce N losses to a minimum, to keep the most limiting fraction of N (ammonia-N) within the system, and to enhance the direct manuring effect of the available manures to non-legume main crops.

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Section: N Inputssupporting

confidence: 92%

Influence of different manuring systems with and without biogas digestion on soil organic matter and nitrogen inputs, flows and budgets in organic cropping systems

Möller

2009

Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst

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“…In the northern Great Plains of North America, for example, traditional cereal-based monoculture systems have been extended and diversified by including various oilseed and pulse crops to complement the cereals (Zentner et al 2002;Gan et al 2003). Such diversified cropping often favors pest control (Krupinsky et al 2002), more efficient use of soil resources , enhanced soil N availability (Beckie et al 1997;Van Kessel and Hartley 2000), and improved overall soil productivity (Zentner et al 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Nitrogen accumulation in plant tissues and roots and N mineralization under oilseeds, pulses, and spring wheat

et al. 2010

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To understand how pulse and oilseed crops might use nitrogen (N) more efficiently under varying levels of water and N availability in soil, we conducted a 2-year field study to monitor N accumulation in aboveground (AG-N) and root material at five growth stages, for canola (Brassica napus L.), mustard (Brassica juncea L.), chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), dry pea (Pisum sativum L.) and lentil (Lens culinaris Medicum) alongside spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Crops were grown in lysimeters (15 cm diameter × 100 cm deep) installed in the field in southern Saskatchewan, Canada. AG-N in all crops was greater under high-water than under low-water conditions. In oilseeds and wheat, AG-N increased until flowering then tended to level off, while in pulses it increased gradually to maturity. At maturity, dry pea and wheat had the greatest AG-N and mustard the least. Enhanced water availability increased seed N but did not affect straw N; consequently, N harvest index was greater under high-water than under lowwater conditions. Root N increased until late-flowering or late-pod (dough stage in wheat) then decreased to maturity. Mustard had the lowest root N, chickpea the second lowest, and canola, wheat, dry pea, and lentil the highest. Improved water availability increased root N for oilseeds and wheat but did not affect root N in pulses. At maturity, average root N of oilseeds, pulses, and wheat was 14, 17, and 20 kg ha -1 , respectively. At the seedling stage pulse crops had about 27% of total plant N in their roots, a much greater proportion than for the non-legumes. However, by maturity all crops had about 14% of plant N in their roots. Soil NO 3 -N increased gradually between seedling and maturity in non-legumes but in pulses there was a sharp spike at early flowering. Estimated apparent net N mineralized was similar for wheat and pulse crops which were greater than for canola and mustard. Soil N amounts and temporal change patterns varied substantially among crops evaluated, and these differences need to be considered in the development of diverse cropping Plant Soil (2010) 332:451-461 systems where cereals, legumes, and oilseeds are included in rotation systems.

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“…Longer-term studies suggest that N-benefits to wheat may be realized only after multiple years of legumes in rotation (Campbell et al 1992;Zentner et al 2004;Walley et al 2007;Allen et al 2011). This delayed response may be a reality of cool, waterlimited conditions in the NGP leading to low annual legume biomass contributions, slow breakdown of residues, and subsequent slow release of available N (Janzen et al 1990;Bremer and van Kessel 1992;Beckie et al 1997), especially in no-till systems (Schoenau and Campbell 1996;Triplett and Dick 2008). A lack of immediate benefits is potentially discouraging to producers expecting N fertilizer-type responses from legumes (O'Dea et al 2013) while a more reasonable expectation may be a gradual buildup of the soil N pool (Ladd et al 1981;Janzen et al 1990).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Legume, cropping intensity, and N-fertilization effects on soil attributes and processes from an eight-year-old semiarid wheat system

O'Dea

Jones

Zabinski

et al. 2015

Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst

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In the North American northern Great Plains (NGP), legumes are promising summer fallow replacement/cropping intensification options that may decrease dependence on nitrogen (N) fertilizer in small grain systems and mitigate effects of soil organic matter (SOM) losses from summer fallow. Benefits may not be realized immediately in semiarid conditions though, and longer-term effects of legumes and intensified cropping in this region are unclear, particularly in no-till systems. We compared effects of four no-till wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping systems-summer fallow-wheat (F-W), continuous wheat (CW), legume green manure (pea, Pisum sativum L.)-wheat (LGM-W), and pea-wheat (P-W)-on select soil attributes in an 8-year-old rotation study, and N fertilizer effects on C and N mineralization on a duplicate soil set in a laboratory experiment. We analyzed potentially mineralizable carbon and nitrogen (PMC and PMN) and mineralization trends with a nonlinear model, microbial biomass carbon (MB-C), and wet aggregate stability (WAS). Legume-containing systems generally resulted in higher PMC, PMN, and MB-C, while intensified systems (CW and P-W) had higher WAS. Half-lives of PMC were shortest in intensified systems, and were longest in legume systems (LGM-W and P-W) for PMN. Nitrogen addition depressed C and N mineralization, particularly in CW, and generally shortened the half-life of mineralizable C. Legumes may increase long-term, no-till NGP agroecosystem resilience and sustainability by (1) increasing the available N-supply (*26-50 %) compared to wheatonly systems, thereby reducing the need for N fertilizer for subsequent crops, and (2) by potentially mitigating negative effects of SOM loss from summer fallow.

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Nitrogen contribution of field pea in annual cropping systems. 2. Total nitrogen benefit

Cited by 51 publications

References 28 publications

Influence of different manuring systems with and without biogas digestion on soil organic matter and nitrogen inputs, flows and budgets in organic cropping systems

Influence of different manuring systems with and without biogas digestion on soil organic matter and nitrogen inputs, flows and budgets in organic cropping systems

Nitrogen accumulation in plant tissues and roots and N mineralization under oilseeds, pulses, and spring wheat

Legume, cropping intensity, and N-fertilization effects on soil attributes and processes from an eight-year-old semiarid wheat system

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