NMR technique for determining the depth of shallow nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond

Pham, Linh; DeVience, Stephen J.; Casola, Francesco; Lovchinsky, Igor; Sushkov, Alexander O.; Bersin, Eric; Lee, Jung-Hyun; Urbach, Elana; Cappellaro, Paola; Park, Hongkun; Yacoby, Amir; Lukin, Mikhail D.; Walsworth, Ronald L.

doi:10.1103/physrevb.93.045425

Cited by 150 publications

(220 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Thus, single NV centers form an outstanding platform for solid-state QIP at room temperature. Similarly, quantum sensing applications benefit from the excellent NV center properties, which enable the high-sensitivity detection of magnetic [1][2][3][4] and electric fields [5], temperature [6], and pressure [7]. Moreover, the highly localized spin density of the NV center provides Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…nanoscale spatial resolution [8]. A unique capability of an optically accessible single spin sensor is the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of small numbers of external nuclear spins on a diamond surface under ambient conditions [3,4,[9][10][11][12][13]. The sensing volume, however, depends strongly on the NV center depth hence, the NMR measurement requires information about the depth of individual NV centers used as the probe.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lithographically engineered shallow nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond for external nuclear spin sensing

et al. 2018

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The simultaneous control of the number and position of negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond was achieved. While single near-surface NV centers are known to exhibit outstanding capabilities in external spin sensing, trade-off relationships among the accuracy of the number and position, and the coherence of NV centers have made the use of such engineered NV centers difficult. Namely, low-energy nitrogen implantation with lithographic techniques enables the nanoscale position control but results in degradation of the creation yield and the coherence property. In this paper, we show that low-energy nitrogen ion implantation to a 12 C(99.95%)-enriched homoepitaxial diamond layer using nanomask is applicable to create shallow NV centers with a sufficiently long coherence time for external spin sensing, at a high creation yield. Furthermore, the NV centers were arranged in a regular array so that 40% lattice sites contain single NV centers. The XY8-k measurements using the individual NV centers reveal that the created NV centers have depths from 2 to 12nm, which is comparable to the stopping range of nitrogen ions implanted at 2.5keV. We show that the position-controlled NV centers are capable of external spin sensing with a ultra-high spatial resolution.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lithographically engineered shallow nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond for external nuclear spin sensing

et al. 2018

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“…On the other hand, the macro‐scale NV magnetometer (≈10 6 µm 3 ) has potential in biological/medical applications. The magnetic sensitivity of NV centers, δB , is determined by the magnetic resonance signal contrast, the number of NV centers contributing to the magnetic detection, and the spin relaxation time, and is expressed by Equation :

δ italicB = \frac{1}{g_{normalm} μ_{normalB}} \frac{1}{C \sqrt{η}} \frac{1}{\sqrt{N T_{2}}}

…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal Stability of Perfectly Aligned Nitrogen‐Vacancy Centers for High Sensitive Magnetometers

Ishiwata

Hatano

Iwasaki

2018

Physica Status Solidi (a)

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A large sensor volume based on a chemical‐vapor‐deposited diamond film containing perfectly aligned ensemble nitrogen‐vacancy (NV) centers is a promising route to achieve high sensitive quantum magnetometers. To synthesize a thick NV film by chemical vapor deposition (CVD), the thermal stability of the N‐V axis becomes an important issue. In this study, the thermal stability of the N‐V orientation has been investigated and its activation energy is estimated as 4.7 eV. It is found that the perfect alignment of the NV centers to the [111] direction can be maintained during a long‐time CVD growth at temperature 900 °C and lower. In contrast, the alignment ratio gradually decreases with increasing the growth time at 1050 °C. The mechanism of the reorientation of the N‐V axis has been discussed. The observations presented here provide important insight to achieve highly sensitive macro‐scale sensors.

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“…Step-flow is observed towards the <1 � 1 � 2> direction as indicated by a black arrow in Figure 1(a) and the cross sectional scan of the AFM image in this location is shown in Figure 1 measurements were used for fitting using function described in previous report 4,30 with NV center depth and thickness of proton layer as a fitting parameter. Fitting of our result shows proton layer of approximately 0.7-1.6 nm thickness with error of less than ±0.5 nm and NV centers depth of approximately 9-10.7 nm with error of less than ±0.8 nm.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Perfectly aligned shallow ensemble nitrogen-vacancy centers in (111) diamond

Ishiwata

Nakajima

Tahara

et al. 2017

Applied Physics Letters

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We report the formation of perfectly aligned, high-density, shallow nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers on the Perfectly aligned shallow ensemble NV centers indicated a high Rabi contrast of approximately 30 % which is comparable to the values reported for a single NV center. Nanoscale NMR demonstrated surfacesensitive nuclear spin detection and provided a confirmation of the NV centers depth. Single NV center approximation indicated that the depth of the NV centers was approximately 9-10.7 nm from the surface with error of less than ±0.8 nm. Thus, a route for material control of shallow NV centers has been developed by step-flow growth using a CVD system. Our finding pioneers on the atomic level control of NV center alignment for large area quantum magnetometry. 6,7 . A fundamental limitation of an NV center based magnetometer is the material control required to confine the NV center in the vicinity (<10 nm) of the substrate surface with a high magnetic sensitivity.Previous studies that examined shallow NV centers focused on either a high-density ensemble for twodimensional large area imaging or a single NV center for high contrast and high coherent time to obtain a minimal detection volume using nanoscale NMR. However, it was found necessary to combine spatial localization of a NV centers with alignment, high density, and a long spin coherence time (T2) to obtain high magnetic sensitivity. The alignment of NV centers in an ensemble is the key to accomplish high contrast while maintaining high signal to noise ratio for high magnetic sensitivity with low accumulation time. In this regard, low energy ion implantation is the most common technique utilized for the production of NV centers in the vicinity of a surface 8 . However, this methodology suffers from large depth dispersion (>10 nm) of the NV centers due to ion straggling and channeling effects 9,10 . Additionally, high-density surface defects formed during implantation affect the spin coherence time and the ensembles show a random orientation with this technique 12,13,14 . Existing studies include reports of CVD growth that demonstrated a narrow distribution in the confinement of NV centers in the vicinity of a surface 11 and their atomic alignment on (100), (110), (113), and (111) substrates for the formation of thick diamond films 14,15,16,17,18,19,20 . Nearly all previous studies have focused on either low density NV centers (<10 13 cm -3 3 ) in the vicinity of a surface with no alignment 21,22,23 or the formation of NV ensembles with alignment in bulk.In this paper, the formation of a perfectly aligned high-density shallow NV center film for surfacesensitive detection of nuclear spin has been demonstrated. Results obtained from SIMS measurement combined with an effective depth obtained from nanoscale NMR measurement confirms presence of shallow NV center approximately 9-10.7 nm from surface with error of less than ±0.8 nm. The results of this study offer a path toward controlling the alignment of shallow NV center ensembles.In this study, NV-containing d...

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NMR technique for determining the depth of shallow nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond

Cited by 150 publications

References 33 publications

Lithographically engineered shallow nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond for external nuclear spin sensing

Lithographically engineered shallow nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond for external nuclear spin sensing

Thermal Stability of Perfectly Aligned Nitrogen‐Vacancy Centers for High Sensitive Magnetometers

Perfectly aligned shallow ensemble nitrogen-vacancy centers in (111) diamond

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