Nociceptive responses to thermal and mechanical stimulations in awake pigs

Giminiani, Pierpaolo Di; Petersen, Lars Jelstrup; Herskin, Mette S.

doi:10.1002/j.1532-2149.2012.00228.x

Cited by 38 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Di Giminiani et al (2013) have demonstrated that smaller pigs (∼30 kg) respond more quickly to CO 2 laser stimulation than larger pigs (∼60 kg). However, as for other studies using juveniles, the effect of body weight has not been analysed independently of age (Ting et al, 2010;Guesgen et al, 2011) and it is not possible to establish whether or not it was a contributing variable in any differences observed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, as for other studies using juveniles, the effect of body weight has not been analysed independently of age (Ting et al, 2010;Guesgen et al, 2011) and it is not possible to establish whether or not it was a contributing variable in any differences observed. It is possible that both behavioural differences in younger animals and cutaneous neural density will impact upon speed of response (Di Giminiani et al, 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…began to groom or urinate) the test was terminated and restarted after 5 min. Following an appropriate response the thermal laser was not re-applied until a minimum of 15 min had elapsed, well beyond the time required for heat decay at the site of stimulation in humans (Leandri et al, 2006) and the time interval required to prevent sensitisation in pigs (Di Giminiani et al, 2013). The exact time between each test varied dependent upon the activity pattern of the individual (i.e.…”

Section: Thermal Threshold Testing Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) lasers have been implemented to elicit behavioural responses to thermal nociceptive thresholds in various species including rats (Kao and Jaw, 2012), sheep (Guesgen et al, 2011), pigs (Di Giminiani et al, 2013;Herskin et al, 2009) and cattle (Ting et al, 2010;Veissier et al, 2000). More recently the CO 2 laser technique was validated as a tool for measuring thermal nociceptive thresholds in domestic cats (Felis catus) (Farnworth et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Body weight affects behavioural indication of thermal nociceptive threshold in adult domestic cats (Felis catus)

Farnworth

Barrett

Adams

et al. 2013

Applied Animal Behaviour Science

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a b s t r a c tCarbon dioxide (CO 2 ) thermal lasers have previously been validated for the assessment of nociception in cats. This experiment sought to assess the potential impact of factors associated with age, sex, body weight and sterilisation upon nociceptive threshold as measured by latency to display a behavioural response. Cats (N = 113) were exposed to a CO2 thermal laser three times during a 45-60 min test period depending upon the interval between tests. A minimum of 15 min elapsed between consecutive tests on any one individual. Time to display either a skin twitch or withdrawal was measured. Intra-class correlations showed the three measurements to be repeatable across tests for any given cat (ICC = 0.482; P < 0.001). Males had a significantly longer mean latency to respond than females (14.83 s and 12.59 s respectively; P = 0.028). Analyses of co-variance established that the body weight of females significantly affected response threshold (P = 0.013) but for males this effect was marginal (P = 0.058). All other factors included in the analyses were non-significant. A post hoc ttest for males and females with overlapping body weights found no significant differences between the sexes (P = 0.721). The precise reason for the effect of body weight on latency to respond is unknown and further exploration is needed particularly as it relates to subcutaneous fat deposition and skin temperature. It is concluded that, for cats, the body weight of the subject should be standardised or included in any analyses for assessment of nociception. Inclusion of body weight data in analyses may also prove useful when using a CO2 laser protocol in other species.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Thermal Threshold Testing Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Body weight affects behavioural indication of thermal nociceptive threshold in adult domestic cats (Felis catus)

Farnworth

Barrett

Adams

et al. 2013

Applied Animal Behaviour Science

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“…Research into pain uses animal models extensively, including rats, mice, dogs, cats, rabbits, and to a lesser extent guinea pigs, cows, pigs, sheep, birds, hamsters, frogs and reptiles (Mogil, 2009). Much of this research aims to increase our understanding of how humans process pain, indicating that the animal and human systems are considered to be comparable for many aspects (Di Giminiani et al, 2013;Mogil, 2009). In addition to similarities in the peripheral wiring of the pain system, there are many examples showing the similarities in higher order processing of pain and other information between humans and primates, and rats.…”

Section: -Painmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal Consciousness

Neindre¹,

Bernard

Boissy

et al. 2017

EFSA Supporting Publications

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After reviewing the literature on current knowledge about consciousness in humans, we present a state-of-the art discussion on consciousness and related key concepts in animals. Obviously much fewer publications are available on non-human species than on humans, most of them relating to laboratory or wild animal species, and only few to livestock species. Human consciousness is by definition subjective and private. Animal consciousness is usually assessed through behavioural performance. Behaviour involves a wide array of cognitive processes that have to be assessed separately using specific experimental protocols. Accordingly, several processes indicative of the presence of consciousness are discussed: perception and cognition, awareness of the bodily-self, selfrelated knowledge of the environment (including social environment). When available, specific examples are given in livestock species. Next, we review the existing evidence regarding neuronal correlates of consciousness, and emphasize the difficulty of linking aspects of consciousness to specific neural structures across the phyla because high-level cognitive abilities may have evolved independently along evolution. Several mammalian brain structures (cortex and midbrain) are involved in the manifestations of consciousness, while the equivalent functional structures for birds and fishes would likely be the pallium/tectum and midbrain. Caution is required before excluding consciousness in species not having the same brain structures as the mammalian ones as different neural architectures may mediate comparable processes. Finally, specific neurophysiological mechanisms appear to be strongly linked to the emergence of consciousness, namely neural synchrony and neural feedback. Considering the limited amount of data available and the few animal species studied so far, we conclude that different manifestations of consciousness can be observed in animals but that further refinement is still needed to characterize their level and content in each species. Further research is required to clarify these issues, especially in livestock species.

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Characterization of nociceptive behavioural responses in the awake pig following UV–B‐induced inflammation

Giminiani

Petersen

Herskin

2013

European Journal of Pain

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Nociceptive responses to thermal and mechanical stimulations in awake pigs

Abstract: Our data indicate that this experimental approach may be valuable for use in studies that focus on porcine cutaneous nociception.

Cited by 38 publications

References 44 publications

Body weight affects behavioural indication of thermal nociceptive threshold in adult domestic cats (Felis catus)

Body weight affects behavioural indication of thermal nociceptive threshold in adult domestic cats (Felis catus)

Animal Consciousness

Characterization of nociceptive behavioural responses in the awake pig following UV–B‐induced inflammation

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