Noninvasive biochemical monitoring of physiological stress by Fourier transform infrared saliva spectroscopy

Abstract

Physical stress affects the immune system, activates the sympathetic (SNS) and parasympathetic (PNS) subsystems of autonomic nervous system (ANS), and increases the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA). The specific response of the major regulatory systems depends on the human functional state. Saliva is a unique diagnostic fluid, the composition of which immediately reflects the SNS, PNS, HPA and immune system response to stress. A new method of saliva biomarker determination by Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier-Transform Infrared (ATR FTIR) spectroscopy has been developed to monitor the exercise induced metabolic changes in saliva from male endurance athletes. The method has been tested using a group of professional athletes by analysing saliva samples collected before and after the exercise, and the saliva composition monitoring by ATR FTIR spectroscopy was shown to be suitable for real-time checking of response to stress.

Analysis of saliva by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy for diagnosis of physiological stress in athletes

“…Many studies demonstrated high sensitivity of FT-IR to analyze the skeletal muscle (Jerônimo et al, 2012), heart muscle (Cheheltani et al 2012), and some biological fluids, such as serum (Carvalho et al, 2014), urine (Khaskheli et al, 2013), and saliva (Khaustova et al, 2010).…”

“…The few studies that analyzed saliva by FT-IR have produced promising results with quantitative analysis of biochemical components and provided real-time information without the use of reagents (Khaustova et al, 2010;Perez-Guaita et al, 2012). This quantification, using the absorption bands of the vibrational modes of molecular radicals in the infrared Volume 31, Number 2, p. 116-124, 2015 region (4000-700 cm -1 ), identified specific bands for proteins, glucose, urea, secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), cortisol, and phosphate (Khaustova et al, 2009(Khaustova et al, , 2010.…”

“…This quantification, using the absorption bands of the vibrational modes of molecular radicals in the infrared Volume 31, Number 2, p. 116-124, 2015 region (4000-700 cm -1 ), identified specific bands for proteins, glucose, urea, secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), cortisol, and phosphate (Khaustova et al, 2009(Khaustova et al, , 2010.…”

“…Chiappin et al (2007) reported that the storage temperature of saliva depends on the time required before the analysis, ranging from ~4 °C to -80°C, mainly to prevent degradation of some components and bacterial growth. However, saliva-defrosting process exposes a precipitate composed of proteins, which is only slightly discussed in the literature (Francis et al, 2000) or it is not mentioned in studies involving infrared analysis of saliva (Khaustova et al, 2009(Khaustova et al, , 2010Schultz et al, 1996).…”

Chip-based liver equivalents for toxicity testing – organotypicalness versus cost-efficient high throughput

“…Miniature organ sizes and contact-free access to the transparent bottom of the chips might allow the use of strong inprocess research tools, such as, two-photon microscopy for tissue imaging, fluorescence ratio imaging for local interstitial pH measurement, 82 phosphorescence quenching microscopy for interstitial pO 2 , or infrared spectroscopy to detect physiological stresses. 83 Systems biology approaches for the identification of physiological performance, or adverse outcome pathways at stress overloads, might be applied on samples daily. 84 A few years ago, such a target seemed to be pure science fiction, but the unprecedented joint development programme between the NIH, DARPA and the FDA (http:// www.ncats.nih.gov/research/reengineering/tissue-chip/tissuechip.html), initiated in 2012, to develop ''human-on-a-chip'' systems combining ten human systems/organs on a single chip is a unique hallmark, indicating the translational impact of such concepts on the drug development pipeline.…”