Nonlinearity in bone-conducted amplitude-modulated cervical vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials: harmonic distortion products

Clinard, Christopher G.; Lawlor, Kerri J; Thorne, Andrew P; Piker, Erin G.

doi:10.1152/jn.00347.2021

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 68 publications

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“…In auditory steady-state responses elicited by AM tones, similar distortion products are found at both the modulation frequency and its second harmonic due to the half-wave rectification of cochlear hair cells (Cohen et al 1991; Lins et al 1995; Bidelman & Bhagat 2020). A detailed analysis of harmonic distortion products from the present study are reported separately in Clinard et al(2022). While the auditory system’s nonlinear properties and subsequent functional implications are well-understood, it is currently unknown how nonlinearity of otolith hair cells relates to functional balance outcomes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal Modulation Transfer Functions of Amplitude-Modulated Cervical Vestibular-Evoked Myogenic Potentials in Young Adults

2022

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Objectives: Cervical vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (cVEMPs) are widely used to evaluate saccular function in clinical and research applications. Typically, transient tonebursts are used to elicit cVEMPs. In this study, we used bone-conducted amplitude-modulated (AM) tones to elicit AMcVEMPs. This new approach allows the examination of phase-locked vestibular responses across a range of modulation frequencies. Currently, cVEMP temporal modulation transfer functions (TMTFs) are not well defined. The purposes of the present study were (1) to characterize the AMcVEMP TMTF in young, healthy individuals, (2) to compare AMcVEMP TMTFs across different analysis approaches, and (3) to determine the upper frequency limit of the AMcVEMP TMTF. Design: Young adults (ages 21 to 25) with no history of vestibular lesions or middle ear pathologies participated in this study. Stimuli were amplitude-modulated tones with a carrier frequency of 500 Hz and modulation frequencies ranging from 7 to 403 Hz. Stimuli were presented at 65 dB HL via a B81 bone-oscillator. Results: AMcVEMP waveforms consisted of transient onset responses, steady-state responses, and transient offset responses; the behavior of these different types of responses varied with modulation frequency. Differences in the TMTF shape were noted across different measures. The amplitude TMTF had a sharp peak, while signal-to-noise ratio and phase coherence TMTFs had broader shapes with plateaus across a range of modulation frequencies. Amplitude was maximal at modulation frequencies of 29 and 37 Hz. Signal-to-noise ratio maintained its peak value at modulation frequencies between 17 Hz and 127 Hz. Phase coherence and modulation gain maintained their peak values at modulation frequencies between 17 Hz and 143 Hz. Conclusions: AMcVEMPs reflect transient onset and offset responses, as well as a sustained response with the periodicity of an amplitude-modulation frequency. AMcVEMP TMTFs had variable shapes depending on the analysis being applied to the response; amplitude had a narrow shape while others were broader. Average upper frequency limits of the AMcVEMP TMTF were as high as approximately 300 Hz in young, healthy adults.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal Modulation Transfer Functions of Amplitude-Modulated Cervical Vestibular-Evoked Myogenic Potentials in Young Adults

2022

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Effects of Age on the Bone-Conduction Amplitude-Modulated cVEMP Temporal Modulation Transfer Function

Jha,

Piker,

Clinard

2024

Ear &Amp; Hearing

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Objectives: Cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (cVEMPs) reflect saccular stimulation that results in an inhibitory muscle reflex recorded over the sternocleidomastoid muscle. These responses are utilized to study basic vestibular functions and are also applied clinically. Traditionally, cVEMPs have utilized transient stimuli such as clicks and tonebursts to evoke onset responses. Recently, amplitude-modulated tones have been used to elicit cVEMPs (AMcVEMPs). These AMcVEMP responses can provide information about the magnitude, phase synchrony, and nonlinearities from the vestibulo-collic reflexes that cannot be captured using other existing testing techniques. Although temporal modulation transfer functions (TMTFs) of AMcVEMPs for young, healthy adults have been established using different analysis techniques, there is currently no information regarding the effects of age on these responses. Thus, the current study aimed to examine the effects of age on AMcVEMPs across a broad range of modulation frequencies (MFs) using various AMcVEMP metrics including amplitude, signal to noise ratio (SNR), and phase coherence (PC). Design: The study included 16 (aged 20 to 39 years) young, 17 (aged 40 to 59 years) mid-age, and 16 (60 to 75 years) older adults with no history of neurological, vestibular, or middle-ear complaints. The stimuli consisted of amplitude-modulated tones with a carrier frequency of 500 Hz and 10 MFs ranging from 11 to 397 Hz. These stimuli were presented using a B81 transducer at 123 dB FL. AMcVEMPs were recorded from the sternocleidomastoid muscle (ipsilateral to the stimulating mastoid) using surface electrodes. Response analysis was performed using an FFT-based approach with analyses including amplitude, SNR, and PC. Results: AMcVEMP waveforms exhibited periodicity corresponding to the stimulus MF, consistent with previous observations. Furthermore, significant age-related degradation in AMcVEMP amplitude, SNR, and PC measures were observed across a broad range of MFs. While AMcVEMPs were elicited across a wide range of MFs (11 to 263 Hz) for young adults, in mid-age and older adults, these metrics were robust only across a narrower range of MFs, resulting in a reduced TMTF. In addition, the MF eliciting the most robust AMcVEMP varied across different AMcVEMP analysis metrics and age groups. Conclusions: A significant decline in the AMcVEMP response is seen as an effect of aging; however, the effect of aging is not uniform across measures or across MFs. The TMTF of AMcVEMP gets flatter, and the overall range is reduced as an effect of aging. Results from this study enhance our understanding of age-related changes in the vestibular system. Expansion of AMcVEMP to clinical populations may lead to a deeper understanding of the pathophysiology of vestibular disorders.

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Nonlinearity in bone-conducted amplitude-modulated cervical vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials: harmonic distortion products

Cited by 2 publications

References 68 publications

Temporal Modulation Transfer Functions of Amplitude-Modulated Cervical Vestibular-Evoked Myogenic Potentials in Young Adults

Temporal Modulation Transfer Functions of Amplitude-Modulated Cervical Vestibular-Evoked Myogenic Potentials in Young Adults

Effects of Age on the Bone-Conduction Amplitude-Modulated cVEMP Temporal Modulation Transfer Function

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