“…The static random access memory (SRAM), dynamic random access memory (DRAM), ferroelectric random access memory (FeRAM), magnetron memory (MRAM), and phrase change memory (PCM) devices were studied and were used for applications in various portable electrical devices [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ]. However, the different oxide thin film RRAM devices were widely investigated and discussed because of its non-volatility, long retention cycles, high storage capacity, low power consumption, and high speed readout characteristics [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ].…”