Norms for Four Standard Developmental Milestones by Sex, Social Class and Place in Family

Prudham, Gerald Neligan Derek

doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.1969.tb01459.x

Cited by 82 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Consistent with previous studies (Majnemer & Rosenblatt, 1994;Neligan & Prudham, 1969), discrepancies in caregiver report were greater for children with lower verbal IQs. Telescoping effects did not differ by referral group, gender, or maternal education.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Although all children were originally reported to have acquired words prior to 16 months, based on ages of language acquisition provided when the children were 3 and 5 years old, many would have been suspected of having had early language delays. Consistent with other studies (Neligan & Prudham, 1969), greater differences were associated with lower developmental and cognitive test scores. Earlier informal analyses of children with ASD or developmental delays (a subset of the present sample) suggested evidence of telescoping of language milestones from age 2 to 5 (Lord, Shulman, & DiLavore, 2004).…”

supporting

confidence: 91%

“…Similarly, there was little evidence of consistent telescoping of caregiver-reported ages of non-language milestones. The small number of participants available for some comparisons is a limitation of this study, but as demonstrated in previous research (McGraw & Molloy, 1941;Neligan & Prudham, 1969;Pyles, Stolz, & Macfarlane, 1935), most ages of independent walking remained within three months of original reports. In contrast, although linear models showed few consistent biases, 53% of discrepancies in daytime bladder control reported at 9 and 3 were greater than three months, with reported ages both earlier and later than originally indicated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

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Telescoping of caregiver report on the Autism Diagnostic Interview - Revised

Hus

Taylor

Lord

2011

Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry

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Background Delays in development are a fundamental feature in diagnosing autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Age of language acquisition, usually obtained through retrospective caregiver report, is currently used to distinguish between categories within ASD. Research has shown that caregivers often report children as having acquired developmental milestones earlier or later than they were actually achieved. The current study examines the extent to which this phenomenon, referred to as ‘telescoping,’ impacts retrospective reports provided by caregivers of children with ASD. Methods Participants were 127 caregivers of children referred for possible ASD or non-spectrum developmental delay. Caregivers were interviewed when children were 2, 3, 5, and 9 years of age. Caregiver-reported ages of first concern, language and non-diagnostic developmental milestones and interviewer-estimated age of onset were compared over time using linear models. Results Significant telescoping of language milestones resulted in more children meeting language delay criteria as they grew older, in spite of original reports that their language was not delayed. There was little evidence of consistent telescoping of caregiver-reported ages of first concern, daytime bladder control, and independent walking. With time, the interviewers’ judged ages of symptom onset increased, but remained prior to age three. Conclusions Telescoping of caregiver-reported ages of language acquisition has implications for both clinical diagnosis and genetic studies using these milestones to increase homogeneity of samples. Results support proposals to remove specific age-based criteria in the diagnosis of ASD. Telescoping should be considered when working with any clinical population in which retrospectively recalled events are used in diagnosis.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

supporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

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Telescoping of caregiver report on the Autism Diagnostic Interview - Revised

Hus

Taylor

Lord

2011

Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry

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“…These findings contradict the conventional wisdom that lower socioeconomic status will necessarily lead to disadvantages in gross motor competence. The inverse association has been reported in older literature from the 1960s to the 1970s [37,38] but less so in more recent literature. The inverse association could be in line with the prior observation that higher parental social status was associated with later attainment of milestones related to toilet training [39], although the mechanism is not yet well understood.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Socioeconomic and Familial Factors Associated with Gross Motor Skills among US Children Aged 3–5 Years: The 2012 NHANES National Youth Fitness Survey

Kwon

O’Neill

2020

IJERPH

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The first aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of below average gross motor skills in a representative sample of US children aged 3 to 5 years. The second aim was to identify socioeconomic and familial characteristics that are associated with below average gross motor skills. Secondary analysis was conducted using the datasets from the 2012 National Health and Examination Survey National Youth Fitness Survey (NNYFS). The NNYFS assessed gross motor skills among 329 children aged 3–5 years, using the Test of Gross Motor Development-Second Edition (TGMD-2). Socioeconomic and familial characteristics of interest, such as family income and family structure, were asked in an in-person interview. This study estimated that one in three US children age 3 to 5 years old (33.9%) scored below average for gross motor quotient. In the gross motor subsets, one in four (24.4%) scored below average for locomotion and two in five (39.9%) scored below average for object control. Children living below the poverty threshold were more likely to have a higher gross motor quotient (odds ratio, OR = 2.76; 95% confidence interval, CI = 1.09–7.00). Girls were more likely to have a higher locomotor score (OR = 2.17; 95% CI = 1.10–4.25). Those living with other child(ren) aged ≤5 years were more likely to have a higher locomotor score (OR = 2.36; 95% CI = 1.01–5.54), while those living with child(ren) aged 6–17 years were more likely to have a higher object control score (OR = 1.83; 95% CI = 1.24–2.69). This study revealed risk factors associated with poor gross motor development, furthering our understanding of gross motor development in early childhood.

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“…Prospective data enabled some inherent control of accuracy because long-term retrospective recollection of milestones has demonstrated inconsistent accuracy. [7][8][9] Furthermore, parent assessment of walking early motor development has been accurate, particularly when time from occurrence and report is minimized. 8 There are limitations to this study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

No Delay in Age of Crawling, Standing or Walking with Pavlik Harness Treatment: A Prospective Cohort Study

Stavinoha,

Pun,

McGlothlin

et al. 2023

J Am Acad Orthop Surg

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Background: Pavlik harness treatment is the standard of care for developmental dysplasia of the hip in infants younger than 6 months. The effect of Pavlik harness treatment on the achievement of motor milestones has not previously been reported. Methods: In this prospective cohort study, 35 patients were prospectively enrolled to participate and received questionnaires with sequential clinical visits monitoring treatment of their developmental dysplasia of the hip. One-sample Student t-tests assessed differences in milestone attainment age, and the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure was conducted to decrease the false discovery rate. Post hoc power analyses of each test were conducted. The age of achievement of eight early motor milestones were recorded and compared with a previously published cohort of healthy infants. Results: Infants treated with a Pavlik harness achieved four early motor milestones markedly later than the reported age of achievement in a historical control group. These milestones included “roll supine” (5.3 vs. 4.5 months; P = 0.039), “roll prone” (5.7 vs. 5.0 months; P = 0.039), “sit” (6.4 vs. 5.2 months; P < 0.001), and “crawl on stomach” (7.7 vs. 6.6 months; P = 0.039). However, there was no difference in time to achievement of later motor milestones of “crawl on knees,” “pull to stand,” and “independent walking.” Conclusion: Several early motor milestones were achieved at a statistically significantly later time than historical control subjects not treated in a Pavlik harness. Despite statistical significance, the small delays in early motor milestones were not thought to be clinically significant. No differences were observed in the later motor milestones, including knee crawling, standing, and independent walking. Clinicians and parents may be reassured by these findings. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level II—prospective study.

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Norms for Four Standard Developmental Milestones by Sex, Social Class and Place in Family

Cited by 82 publications

References 8 publications

Telescoping of caregiver report on the Autism Diagnostic Interview - Revised

Telescoping of caregiver report on the Autism Diagnostic Interview - Revised

Socioeconomic and Familial Factors Associated with Gross Motor Skills among US Children Aged 3–5 Years: The 2012 NHANES National Youth Fitness Survey

No Delay in Age of Crawling, Standing or Walking with Pavlik Harness Treatment: A Prospective Cohort Study

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