Norovirus pathway in water environment estimated by genetic analysis of strains from patients of gastroenteritis, sewage, treated wastewater, river water and oysters

Ueki, You; Sano, Daisuke; Watanabe, Tôru; Akiyama, Kazuo; Omura, Tatsuo

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2005.06.035

Cited by 132 publications

(113 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The removal of virus by treatment was 52% and 79% for GI and GII HuNoV, respectively. These results are representative of the results of numerous studies reporting detection of HuNoV in treated-sewage effluent samples (3,9,11,17,35,39). These reports raise concern in public safety, since HuNoV is highly infectious with Ͻ10 virus particles capable of causing disease (32).…”

supporting

confidence: 83%

Application of a Receptor-Binding Capture Quantitative Reverse Transcription-PCR Assay To Concentrate Human Norovirus from Sewage and To Study the Distribution and Stability of the Virus

Tian

Yang

Pan

et al. 2012

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Water is an important route for human norovirus (HuNoV) transmission. Using magnetic beads conjugated with blood grouplike antigens (HuNoV receptors), we developed a simple and rapid receptor-binding capture and magnetic sequestration (RBCMS) method and compared it to the existing negatively charged membrane absorption/elution (NCMAE) method for concentrating HuNoV from sewage effluent. RBCMS required 6-fold-less sample volume than the NCMAE method and also resulted in a significantly higher yield of HuNoV No GI and <2% GII HuNoV were detected in sewage samples stored at room temperature for 4 weeks. We conclude that RBCMS requires less sample volume, has better recovery and sensitivity, and is faster than NCMAE for detection of HuNoV in sewage.

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supporting

confidence: 83%

Application of a Receptor-Binding Capture Quantitative Reverse Transcription-PCR Assay To Concentrate Human Norovirus from Sewage and To Study the Distribution and Stability of the Virus

Tian

Yang

Pan

et al. 2012

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…The results obtained from shellfish samples confirm that a multiple-NoV contamination was present in the oysters and that some strains were identical to the ones detected in French and/or Italian consumers. Multiple-NoV contamination of food is often suspected to be linked to sewage contamination, and shellfish have been shown to be one of the most common vehicles of outbreaks involving multiple norovirus strains (6,15,19,31). No other enteric viruses or bacteria were detected in stools or shellfish samples, and oysters met the European regulation stipulating fewer than 230 E. coli organisms per 100 g of shellfish meat.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This, together with the very low infectious dose of NoVs and their high resistance in the environment, explains why more than half of food-borne NoV outbreaks have been associated with food requiring handling but no subsequent heating, with water, or with foods such as raspberries or shellfish (6,15,17,19,20,26). In this respect, shellfish are a unique food since they filter large volumes of water for feeding, they grow in coastal areas that may be contaminated by sewage, and they are usually consumed uncooked (8,18,31). Therefore, in countries where raw oysters represent a traditional food, a number of food-borne outbreaks of NoV gastroenteritis have been reported (6,12,15,19).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Multiple Noroviruses Associated with an International Gastroenteritis Outbreak Linked to Oyster Consumption

et al. 2006

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An international outbreak linked to oyster consumption involving a group of over 200 people in Italy and 127 total subjects in 13 smaller clusters in France was analyzed using epidemiological and clinical data and shellfish samples. Environmental information from the oyster-producing area, located in a lagoon in southern France, was collected to investigate the possible events leading to the contamination. Virologic analyses were conducted by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) using the same primer sets for both clinical and environmental samples. After sequencing, the data were analyzed through the database operated by the scientific network FoodBorne Viruses in Europe. The existence of an international collaboration between laboratories was critical to rapidly connect the data and to fully interpret the results, since it was not obvious that one food could be the link because of the diversity of the several norovirus strains involved in the different cases. It was also demonstrated that heavy rain was responsible for the accidental contamination of seafood, leading to a concentration of up to hundreds of genomic copies per oyster as detected by real-time RT-PCR.

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“…Discharges may be directly introduced into shellfish waters or into watercourses higher in the catchment. Clinical NoV strains (GI and GII) traced in environmental samples have clearly demonstrated the links between NoV in sewage effluents, freshwater, and shellfish and gastrointestinal illness (44,45,46).…”

Section: Contamination Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Transmission of Human Noroviruses in Shellfish Waters

Campos

Lees

2014

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Human noroviruses (NoV) are the most common cause of epidemic gastroenteritis following consumption of bivalve shellfish contaminated with fecal matter. NoV levels can be effectively reduced by some sewage treatment processes such as activated sludge and membrane bioreactors. However, tertiary sewage treatment and substantial sewage dilution are usually required to achieve low concentrations of virus in shellfish. Most outbreaks have been associated with shellfish harvested from waters affected by untreated sewage from, for example, storm overflows or overboard disposal of feces from boats. In coastal waters, NoV can remain in suspension or associate with organic and inorganic matter and be accumulated by shellfish. Shellfish take considerably longer to purge NoV than fecal indicator bacteria when transferred from sewage-polluted estuarine waters to uncontaminated waters. The abundance and distribution of NoV in shellfish waters are influenced by the levels of sewage treatment, proximity of shellfish beds to sewage sources, rainfall, river flows, salinity, and water temperature. Detailed site-specific information on these factors is required to design measures to control the viral risk.

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Norovirus pathway in water environment estimated by genetic analysis of strains from patients of gastroenteritis, sewage, treated wastewater, river water and oysters

Cited by 132 publications

References 19 publications

Application of a Receptor-Binding Capture Quantitative Reverse Transcription-PCR Assay To Concentrate Human Norovirus from Sewage and To Study the Distribution and Stability of the Virus

Application of a Receptor-Binding Capture Quantitative Reverse Transcription-PCR Assay To Concentrate Human Norovirus from Sewage and To Study the Distribution and Stability of the Virus

Detection of Multiple Noroviruses Associated with an International Gastroenteritis Outbreak Linked to Oyster Consumption

Environmental Transmission of Human Noroviruses in Shellfish Waters

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