Nostoc calcicola extract improved the antioxidative response of soybean to cowpea aphid

Abstract

BackgroundSoybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. “Nam Dan”) is one of the most valuable crops in agricultural production in Nghe An province (Vietnam). Our previous study revealed that extract of the cyanobacterium strain Nostoc calcicola HN9 expressed positive effect on growth and development, and raised soybean productivity (Tran et al. in Proceeding of Vietnam national conference of research on biology, Da Nang, 2016). We hypothesized that N. calcicola HN9 would improve the defense responses of G. max cv. “Nam Dan” to cowpea aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch)-a serious pest of leguminous crops.ResultsInfestation of A. craccivora caused oxidative stress in leaves of G. max cv. “Nam Dan”. A strong generation of endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide anion radical (O2·−) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) resulted in the cellular damages in the aphid-infested leaves through high levels of injury percentage and lipid peroxidation. To protect from aphid attack themselves, soybean plants triggered the antioxidant defense systems, in which, enzymatic antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (SOD, 1.15.1.1), catalase (CAT, 1.11.1.6) and GPx (EC 1.11.1.9) were strongly accumulated to reduce the toxic effects of ROS. Components of N. calcicola HN9 extract might strengthen the defensive capability of G. max cv. “Nam Dan” to cowpea aphid infestation via establishing the chemical constraints on oxidative stress. Under effect of cyanobacteria extract, generation of O2·− and H2O2 was strictly limited, activities of SOD, CAT and GPx were remarkably accumulated in the aphid-infested leaves leading to a significant reduction of oxidative damages.Conclusions Nostoc calcicola HN9 extract probably not only controlled the generation and effects of O2·− and H2O2 but also augmented the accumulated activity of SOD, CAT and GPx in soybean leaves that allowed them to control oxidative stress, contributed to increase the resistance of G. max cv. “Nam Dan” to A. craccivora. The improvement of cyanobacteria extract on the antioxidative response of soybean “Nam Dan” to cowpea aphid can be a novel aspect to contribute to current knowledge regarding the soybean-aphid interaction.

Soil Pollution by Petroleum-Derived Substances and its Bioremediation: The Effect on Aphis fabae Scop. Infestation and Antioxidant Response in Vicia faba L.

“…The effect of aphid presence on the induction of antioxidant response in host plants has been demonstrated in many published studies [51,[59][60][61]. Additionally, Kerchev et al [59] showed that the perturbations in the leaf antioxidant system are intrinsic to the potato leaf response to peach-potato aphid (Myzus persicae Sulzer).…”

Reactive Oxygen Species in Plant Interactions With Aphids

“…However, most studies have measured ROS at a small number of timepoints between 2 and 96 h after infestation ( Tables 1 , 2 ). Of the time series conducted within this range, the majority suggest a transient ROS response that peaks on or before 24 h and then declines, often returning to baseline levels 3–4 days after treatment ( Moloi and Van Der Westhuizen, 2006 ; Moloi and van der Westhuizen, 2014 ; Ren et al, 2014 ; Sytykiewicz, 2015 ; Mai et al, 2016 , 2017 ; Łukasik et al, 2017 ; Shao et al, 2019 ; Woźniak et al, 2019 ). Certain time series studies, however, did not detect significant increases in ROS until well after 24 h ( Kerchev et al, 2012 ; Yao et al, 2020 ), or observed ROS levels that peaked after 24 h and/or continued to increase steadily in the days following infestation ( Borowiak-Sobkowiak et al, 2016 ; Sun et al, 2016 ; Zhang et al, 2019 ).…”

“…Therefore, certain incompatible interactions also appear to involve long-term ROS accumulation. In addition, the limited number of studies that have utilized more than one probe for ROS detection indicate that H 2 O 2 and O 2 – can in some cases differ from one another in their onset and persistence ( Mai et al, 2013 , 2017 ; Sun et al, 2016 ; Czerniewicz et al, 2017 ), and that the timing of the oxidative response to aphids also varies among subcellular compartments ( Xu et al, 2021 ).…”

“…Study-to-study variation likely also reflects a variety of biological sources of variability. Side-by-side comparisons have revealed that the magnitude of ROS induction varies depending upon the aphid species ( Sytykiewicz et al, 2014 ; Jaouannet et al, 2015 ; Zhang et al, 2019 ; Kmieć and Kot, 2021 ), the aphid biotype ( Guo et al, 2020 ; Sun et al, 2020 ), the plant cultivar ( Table 2 ), plant age ( Borowiak-Sobkowiak et al, 2016 ), location of the aphid infestation on the plant ( Kmieć and Kot, 2021 ), and aspects of the experimental design such as infestation levels and timing of measurement ( Borowiak-Sobkowiak et al, 2016 ; Mai et al, 2017 ; Durak et al, 2019 ; Łukasik and Goławska, 2019 ). For example, when different infestation levels were compared on soybean, asparagus, and wheat, ROS levels peaked more rapidly in plants challenged with higher aphid densities ( Borowiak-Sobkowiak et al, 2016 ; Mai et al, 2017 ; Durak et al, 2019 ; Łukasik and Goławska, 2019 ).…”