Novel biosensing methodologies for ultrasensitive detection of viruses

Abstract

Various infectious diseases caused by the spread of viruses create adverse implications on global biosecurity. Increasing demands for virus surveillance and effective control of the spread of diseases reveal the need for rapid and sensitive virus diagnostic devices. Due to the remarkable sensitivity and specificity of biosensors, they appear as a potential and promising tool for accurate and quantitative detection of viruses. Furthermore, recent advancements in transduction systems, nanotechnology and genetic engineering offer various strategies to improve the detection performance of biosensors. This review presents an overview of the current states of novel biosensing methodologies for the ultrasensitive detection of viruses with highly promising applications for future disease diagnosis. Additionally, a brief summary of the recent state-of-the-art virus diagnostic molecular technologies is included.

Biosensors for waterborne viruses: Detection and removal

“…However, these are still expensive due to the need for specialist equipment and staff [93][94]. PCR based methods also do not always correctly amplify viral nucleic acids when the viral concentration in samples is at a critically low level [95].…”

“…They can also give very rapid readings, saving hours of sample analysis time compared to conventional methods [96][97][98][99]. Therefore, with all of these advantages, biosensor technology shows promise in becoming the future gold standard of virus diagnostics [93]. Along with this, the conventional molecular techniques carry a number of disadvantages.…”

Block Copolymer‐Derived Monolithic Polymer Films and Membranes Comprising Self‐Organized Cylindrical Nanopores for Chemical Sensing and Separations

“…Such recessed nanodisk-array electrodes (RNEs) provide unique platforms to design electrochemical sensors based on analyte-induced changes in nanopore permeability: [10,30] Permeability changes reflecting physical blocking or surface charge changes of the nanopores upon analyte binding can be detected as the faradaic current signals of redox-active species diffusing through the nanopores to the electrodes. Importantly, this principle is applicable for detecting redox-inactive species.…”

“…Importantly, this principle is applicable for detecting redox-inactive species. [10,43] Compared with NAAMs [30,73] or TEPMs, [74] BCP-derived nanoporous films can be much thinner (e.g., 20-100 nm in thickness), and thus, will afford RNE-based electrochemical sensors with shorter response times. On the other hand, these high-porosity films may not be ideal to design permeability-based sensors for trace analysis because the observation of current signals requires permeability changes at the majority of the nanopores.…”

“…In contrast, monolithic nanoporous membranes, such as nanoporous anodic alumina membranes (NAAMs) and track-etched polymer membranes (TEPMs), have been employed for highly selective chemical sensing [10,29,30] and separations, [22,[31][32][33] owing to their cylindrical pore geometry and narrow pore diameter distribution. The highly symmetric pore geometries permit quantitative understanding of hindered mass transport [34,35] and molecule-nanopore interactions [36] within nanoporous media.…”