Novel flame retardants: Estimating the physical–chemical properties and environmental fate of 94 halogenated and organophosphate PBDE replacements

Zhang, Xianming; Sühring, Roxana; Serodio, Daniela; Bonnell, Mark; Sundin, Nils; Diamond, Miriam L.

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.11.017

Cited by 138 publications

(118 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs) are environmentally persistent chemicals (X Zhang et al 2016) that have been used in consumer products since the 1970s. Restrictions on the use of the penta-polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardant mixture in Europe (2002), the U.S. (2005) and other countries resulted in increased use of PFRs as replacements, including the organophosphate triesters [tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP), tris(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCIPP), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP)] (Stapleton et al 2011; van der Veen and de Boer 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flame retardants and their metabolites in the homes and urine of pregnant women residing in California (the CHAMACOS cohort)

et al. 2017

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Organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs), used in consumer products since the 1970s, persist in the environment. Restrictions on penta-polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants resulted in increased use of Firemaster® 550 (FM® 550), and the organophosphate triesters: tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP); tris(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCIPP); tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP); and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP). The objectives of this study were to (1) identify determinants of flame retardants (4 PFRs, PentaBDEs and FM® 550) in house dust, (2) measure urinary PFR metabolites in pregnant women, and (3) estimate health risks from PFR exposure. We measured flame retardants in house dust (n=125) and metabolites in urine (n=310) collected in 2000–2001 from Mexican American women participating in the CHAMACOS birth cohort study in California. We detected FM® 550 and PFRs, including two (TCEP and TDCIPP) known to the state of California to cause cancer, in most dust samples. The maximum TCEP and TDCIPP dust levels were among the highest ever reported although the median levels were generally lower compared to other U.S. cohorts. Metabolites of TDCIPP (BDCIPP: bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate) and TPHP (DPHP:diphenyl phosphate) were detected in 78% and 79% of prenatal urine samples, respectively. We found a weak but positive correlation between TPHP in dust and DPHP in 124 paired prenatal urine samples (Spearman rho=0.17; p=0.06). These results provide information on PFR exposure and risk in pregnant women from the early 2000’s and are also valuable to assess trends in exposure and risk given changing fire safety regulations and concomitant changes in chemical flame retardant use.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flame retardants and their metabolites in the homes and urine of pregnant women residing in California (the CHAMACOS cohort)

et al. 2017

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“…when regulatory measures come into effect only after huge stocks of banned chemicals are incorporated into products world-wide (Abbassi et al, 2015). New flame retardants found in products in today's market -some of them replacing POP-BDEs -have been introduced before an adequate, transparent assessment of environmental and human health hazards, persistence and long range transport has been carried out (De Boer et al, 2015;Abbassi et al, 2015;Stieger et al, 2014;Zhang et al, 2016). Propelling plastics into the circular economy is a small part of the hard work that needs to be done to respect our global carrying capacity and protect our technoexuberant species from itself (Rees, 2010).…”

Section: Plastics In the Circular Economymentioning

confidence: 99%

Propelling plastics into the circular economy — weeding out the toxics first

Leslie

Leonards

Brandsma

et al. 2016

Environment International

113

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“…However, all environmental aspects of alternatives should be assessed before their commercialization since there are possible neurotoxicological effects derived from the metabolites of phosphorus-based flame retardants (Betts, 2008). It is noteworthy that more than half of novel retardants are of similar concern, persistent and of long range transport (Zhang et al, 2016b). Given these similar trends, it is important to reinforce research on the new generations of flame retardants that are already visibly replacing penta-BDE in the environment.…”

Section: Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental issues of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers

Taheran

Komtchou

Lonappan

et al. 2017

Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology

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Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are among the emerging contaminants that have been traced in almost all environmental compartments for the past 30 years. Their continued application as flame retardant additives, persistence in nature due to fluorine groups, global atmospheric transport and analytical challenges due to interferences and different properties of congeners indicate the urgent need of finding solutions to their use. The increasing level of PBDEs in the environment and especially human tissues is alarming due to their potential neurological effects, cancer proliferation and thyroid hormone imbalance. Therefore, strict regulations need to be applied in all countries to control the PBDEs production consumption and disposal into the environment. Studies have shown that conventional wastewater treatment plants are unable to degrade PBDEs resulting in the transport of 60-90% of PBDEs to soil through biosolids application. On the other hand, advanced treatment processes, such as ultraviolet light, advanced oxidation and photocatalytic degradation showed promising potential for removing PBDEs from wastewater (70-100% degradation efficiency).

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Novel flame retardants: Estimating the physical–chemical properties and environmental fate of 94 halogenated and organophosphate PBDE replacements

Cited by 138 publications

References 34 publications

Flame retardants and their metabolites in the homes and urine of pregnant women residing in California (the CHAMACOS cohort)

Flame retardants and their metabolites in the homes and urine of pregnant women residing in California (the CHAMACOS cohort)

Propelling plastics into the circular economy — weeding out the toxics first

Environmental issues of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers

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