The chapter overviews recent progress made in the area of cellulose acetate nanocomposites, considering their high-volume applications and easy processing ability. Based on their structural details, the review provides data concerning the manufacturing, characterization, and new developments in this area, with particular emphasis on biomedical applications. Stress is laid on the importance of antimicrobial activity, correlated with different bacteria characteristics, on also considering that their interaction mechanisms create inhibitory effects against microbial growth in a solid medium, and decide their areas of applicability. In this context, the presented aspects show that cellulosic materials can be designed and fine-tuned to acquire certain properties required in different biomedical areas.