Novel solvent properties of choline chloride/urea mixturesElectronic supplementary information (ESI) available: spectroscopic data. See http://www.rsc.org/suppdata/cc/b2/b210714g/

Abbott, Andrew P.; Capper, Glen; Davies, David; Rasheed, Raymond K.; Tambyrajah, Vasuki

doi:10.1039/b210714g

Cited by 4,283 publications

(1,381 citation statements)

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“…This has been demonstrated with a range of hydrogen bond donors including amides such as urea 17 and carboxylic acids such as oxalic acid. 18 We have previously shown 19 that ethylene glycol can also be used as the hydrogen bond donor, and that mixtures of ethylene glycol with choline chloride can be used for the electropolishing of stainless steel.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Electropolishing of stainless steels in a choline chloride based ionic liquid: an electrochemical study with surface characterisation using SEM and atomic force microscopy

Abbott

Capper

McKenzie

et al. 2006

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.

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184

114

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We have studied the anodic dissolution (electropolishing) of various stainless steel alloys in an ionic liquid comprising a 2 : 1 stoichiometric mix of ethylene glycol (EG) and choline chloride. We have used a combination of electrochemical and spectroscopic methods together with in situ liquid probe microscopy. We discuss the role and influence of the surface oxide passivation layer, characterized here by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and linear sweep voltammetry, on the polishing process. We address the question of dealloying during the polish in order to contribute to our understanding of the viability of the ionic liquid as a replacement industrial electropolishing medium; the current commercial process uses a corrosive mixture of phosphoric and sulfuric acids. Also, we present data from ex situ and in situ liquid AFM studies giving both a qualitative and quantitative insight into the nature and scale of morphological changes at the steel surface during the polishing process.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Electropolishing of stainless steels in a choline chloride based ionic liquid: an electrochemical study with surface characterisation using SEM and atomic force microscopy

Abbott

Capper

McKenzie

et al. 2006

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.

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184

114

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“…When mixed together the HBD binds to the anion resulting in a large depression of the melting point. 18 These liquids have widespread appeal in the electrochemical, synthetic and polymer fields due to their low toxicity, they are air and moisture stable and are easily prepared in high purity. 15 We have previously demonstrated a variety of electrolytic coatings including Ni, 19 Cu, Cr, Ag, Sn and Zn at high current efficiency.…”

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confidence: 99%

Electrochemistry and speciation of Au⁺in a deep eutectic solvent: growth and morphology of galvanic immersion coatings

Ballantyne

Forrest

Frisch

et al. 2015

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.

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In this study we compare the electrochemical and structural properties of three gold salts AuCl, AuCN and KAu(CN)2 in a Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) electrolyte (Ethaline 200) in order to elucidate factors affecting the galvanic deposition of gold coatings on nickel substrates. A chemically reversible diffusion limited response was observed for AuCl, whereas AuCN and KAu(CN)2 showed much more complicated, kinetically limited responses. Galvanic exchange reactions were performed on nickel substrates from DES solutions of the three gold salts; the AuCN gave a bright gold coating, the KAu(CN)2 solution give a visibly thin coating, whilst the coating from AuCl was dull, friable and poorly adhesive. This behaviour was rationalised by the differing speciation for each of these compounds, as evidenced by EXAFS methods. Analysis of EXAFS data shows that AuCl forms the chlorido-complex [AuCl2] − , AuCN forms a mixed [AuCl(CN)] − species, whereas KAu(CN)2 maintains its [Au(CN)2] − structure. The more labile Cl − enables easier reduction of Au when compared to the tightly bound cyanide species, hence leading to slower kinetics of deposition and differing electrochemical behaviour. We conclude that metal speciation in DESs is a function of the initial metal salt and that this has a strong influence on the mechanism and rate of growth, as well as on the morphology of the metal deposit obtained. In addition, these coatings are also extremely promising from a technological perspective as Electroless Nickel Immersion Gold (ENIG) finishes in the printed circuit board (PCB) industry, where the elimination of acid in gold plating formulation could potentially lead to more reliable coatings. Consequently, these results are both significant and timely. IntroductionGold plating processes are widely used in the materials finishing, decorative and electronics industries due to their high reliability, electrical conductivity and corrosion resistance. 1 The key characteristic feature of these noble metal coatings is the lack of insulating surface oxides. 2 Electrolytic, 3 electroless, 4 and immersion plating 5 are the three common electrochemical methods used for the coating of conducting substrates with gold films. In each of these processes the conventional/commercial plating bath chemistry is dominated by the choice of the dicyanidoaurate anion [Au(CN) 2 ] − as the gold source 6 due to its high stability 7 and the ability to yield fine grained deposits. 8 In electroplating experiments, acidic plating baths around pH 5 are used to produce soft gold coatings, whilst alkaline and neutral baths are used to produce hard gold. 8 However, there are significant safety concerns, as well as issues regarding the disposal of waste, where cyanide based processes are present. In addition, the requirement of large negative reduction potentials can also lead to the coreduction of hydrogen ions. 9 As such, there have been cyanide free gold plating solutions developed, primarily based upon sulphite and thiosulfate complexes, however these are limited to...

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“…DESs based on mixtures of urea and choline chloride were prepared as previously reported 19,20 . In a typical experiment, urea and choline chloride were mixed in a 2:1 molar ratio and heated to 100 °C until the solution became clear.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the particular case of carbonization, ILs have been used not only as solvents but also as initiators [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] . Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a new class of ionic liquids obtained by the complexation of quaternary ammonium salts with hydrogen bond donors [19][20][21][22][23] . Here we describe the use of DESs of urea and choline chloride as suitable precursors for N-doped carbon materials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facile Synthesis of Nitrogen - Containing Carbon by Carbonization of Furfural in Deep Eutectic Mixtures

Li¹,

Liu²,

Tang³

et al. 2013

Chem Sci Trans

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Amorphous nitrogen-containing carbon was successfully prepared by carbonization of furfural in a deep eutectic mixture of urea and choline chloride. Primary amine groups were able to be anchored to the carbon in a one-pot solvothermal carbonization procedure. XPS analysis showed that nitrogen predominantly bound within the solid as well as at the surface. An abundance of functional groups on the surface of the carbon during the carbonization process generated large, graphite-like interlayer spaces. N-doped carbon exhibits reactive surfaces because nitrogen can easily be further modified through the grafting of other chemical groups. The carbon obtained by this innovative approach may be a good matrix for solid phase extraction because of its narrow pore size.

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Novel solvent properties of choline chloride/urea mixturesElectronic supplementary information (ESI) available: spectroscopic data. See http://www.rsc.org/suppdata/cc/b2/b210714g/

Abstract: Eutectic mixtures of urea and a range of quaternary ammonium salts are liquid at ambient temperatures and have interesting solvent properties.

Cited by 4,283 publications

References 13 publications

Electropolishing of stainless steels in a choline chloride based ionic liquid: an electrochemical study with surface characterisation using SEM and atomic force microscopy

Electropolishing of stainless steels in a choline chloride based ionic liquid: an electrochemical study with surface characterisation using SEM and atomic force microscopy

Electrochemistry and speciation of Au⁺in a deep eutectic solvent: growth and morphology of galvanic immersion coatings

Facile Synthesis of Nitrogen - Containing Carbon by Carbonization of Furfural in Deep Eutectic Mixtures

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Novel solvent properties of choline chloride/urea mixturesElectronic supplementary information (ESI) available: spectroscopic data. See http://www.rsc.org/suppdata/cc/b2/b210714g/

Abstract: Eutectic mixtures of urea and a range of quaternary ammonium salts are liquid at ambient temperatures and have interesting solvent properties.

Cited by 4,283 publications

References 13 publications

Electropolishing of stainless steels in a choline chloride based ionic liquid: an electrochemical study with surface characterisation using SEM and atomic force microscopy

Electropolishing of stainless steels in a choline chloride based ionic liquid: an electrochemical study with surface characterisation using SEM and atomic force microscopy

Electrochemistry and speciation of Au+in a deep eutectic solvent: growth and morphology of galvanic immersion coatings

Facile Synthesis of Nitrogen - Containing Carbon by Carbonization of Furfural in Deep Eutectic Mixtures

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Electrochemistry and speciation of Au⁺in a deep eutectic solvent: growth and morphology of galvanic immersion coatings