Novel Synthesis of a New Surfactant 4‐((4‐Bromophenyl)(dodecyl)amino)‐4‐Oxobutanoic Acid Containing a Benzene Ring Using a Copper Catalyst Cross‐Coupling Reaction and its Properties

Imran

et al. 2017

J Surfact & Detergents

Nonionic surfactants are capable of forming nano‐range vesicles upon self‐assembling in an aqueous medium. These vesicles are highly stable, low in toxicity, and cost‐effective. Owing to their ability to solubilize both hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances, they are of great interest for drug solubilization and delivery. This study describes the synthesis and characterization of two new nonionic surfactants and their screening for biocompatibility and drug loading potentials in nano‐scale niosomal vesicles. They were characterized through mass spectroscopy, 1HNMR, and FT‐IR. Their critical micelle concentration (CMC) was investigated using UV–vis spectrophotometry. The biocompatibility study was carried out through blood hemolysis and in vitro cytotoxicity assays. The surfactants have very low CMC values, are highly hemo‐compatible, and were nontoxic when tested against a cell culture. They were able to form nano‐range niosomal vesicles with large variation in their size. Both new surfactants were able to encapsulate increased amounts of the drug, in this case clarithromycin. The chemical nature of the drug remained intact in the niosomal vesicles. The results suggest that these nonionic surfactants could be promising drug delivery vehicles.

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of Sulfur‐Based Biocompatible Nonionic Surfactants and Their Nano‐Vesicle Drug Delivery

Ali

Imran

et al. 2017

J Surfact & Detergents

“…Nonionic surfactants excel other types due to their neutral behavior, compatibility with ionic surfactants and capability of forming complex mixtures as found in many commercial products. 3,4 Nonionic surfactants are used as excellent solubilizing agents due to their very low critical micelle concentration. 5,6 Such surfactants can work even in hard water as they do not yield ions in aqueous solution and hence, less or almost insensitive to electrolytes.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis, Spectroscopic Characterization and pH Dependent Electrochemical Fate of Two Non-Ionic Surfactants

Munir

Ullah

et al. 2014

J. Electrochem. Soc.

Two new nonionic surfactants; 1-sec-butyl-3-dodecanoylthiourea (DTU) and 1-dodecanoyl-3-phenylthiourea (DPTU) were synthesized and characterized by 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR and FTIR and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The detailed electrochemical fate of DTU and DPTU was investigated in a wide pH range of 2-12 by employing three electroanalytical techniques. The voltammetric signatures of the analytes showed a single irreversible anodic peak followed by two reversible peaks of the oxidation product. The irreversible behavior of the oxidation process was witnessed by the unequal components of total current in square wave voltammetry and scan rate based deviation of peak potential. The involvement of protons accompanying the electron transfer processes was ascertained from peak potential versus pH plots. Critical micelle concentration and hydrophilic-lipophilic balance of the synthesized surfactants were determined for the assessment of their cleaning, wetting and emulsifying properties. Some detergents and surfactants have been restricted and prohibited in the developed countries due to adverse environmental consequences. The manufacturers are now trying to synthesize environmentally friendly surfactants according to the environmental protection laws.1,2 With these facts in mind, we synthesized thiourea based surfactants which are expected to increase the fertility of the soil if their washed water is directed toward agricultural fields.Surfactants are classified as ionics, nonionics and zwitter-ionics. The demand and consumption of ionic surfactants were greater than nonionics in the mid of 19 century but now the market share of nonionic surfactants has reached to 40% of the total worldwide surfactants production. Nonionic surfactants excel other types due to their neutral behavior, compatibility with ionic surfactants and capability of forming complex mixtures as found in many commercial products. 3,4 Nonionic surfactants are used as excellent solubilizing agents due to their very low critical micelle concentration. 5,6 Such surfactants can work even in hard water as they do not yield ions in aqueous solution and hence, less or almost insensitive to electrolytes. Due to their neutral behavior, nonionic surfactants are none or less toxic than ionic surfactants and hence find use in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and food products.7-9 They can also be used as wetting agents, emulsifiers and detergents.10,11 Nowadays nonionic surfactants are in constant use in different varieties of domestic and industrial products. 12,13 Prompted by the peculiar characteristics of non-ionic surfactants such as very low critical micelle concentration, insensitivity to hard water, no or low toxicity, low cost and compatibility with ionic surfactants, we synthesized and spectroscopically characterized more effective candidates of this class in high yield using the protocol reported in our recent article.14 Moreover, the oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur donor atoms of thiourea derivatives provide a multitude of bonding possibilities. 15 Hence, the excellent me...

“…The purity of the compound was ascertained by 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. The spectral details of the compound are given below: 1…”

Section: Chemicals and General Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The surfactant molecules decrease the surface tension as well as affect other interfacial properties of water. Most of the surfactants are used as cleaning agents but nowadays, these play a vital role in every walk of life ranging from agriculture sprays to oil recovery including areas such as catalysis, coating, dispersion, electronics, flotation of minerals, lubrication and retardation of evaporation from lakes and reservoirs [1][2][3]. Surfactants are amphiphilic compounds having both long chain hydrocarbons with a nonpolar tail and ionic or polar head groups.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis, Characterization and Effect of a Solvent Mixture on the CMC of a Thio‐Based Novel Cationic Surfactant Using a UV–Visible Spectroscopic Technique

Ullah

Ahmad

et al. 2013

J Surfact & Detergents

A novel thio‐based cationic surfactant has been synthesized by a new method. It was characterized by different techniques such as NMR, FTIR and its critical micelle concentration was determined by a UV–Visible spectroscopic technique. It is soluble in polar solvents like ethanol and partially soluble in water due to its thio‐based functionality. The detailed study of the compound 4‐chloro‐N‐((dodecanoyl(ethyl)ammonio)carbonothioyl)‐N‐ethylbenzenaminium bromide (4CDTB) was done using a UV–Visible spectrophotometric technique. The effect of solvent mixtures of different ratios was investigated. On the basis of solvent–solvent interaction the compound showed different results. The critical micelle concentration varied with solvent mixture ratios. The CMC of 4CDTB decreased as the ratio of water increased in the mixture of the ethanol–water system. The decrease in critical micelle concentration with the solvent mixture ratio has been discussed on the basis of solvent properties, structures, and their hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions.