“…These materials possess UTS of 196–290 MPa, elongation of 14.6–22.0%, which exhibited sufficient tensile force and biocompatibility in the animal gastrointestinal environment. Similarly, Zn based staples (Zn–Cu–Mn–Ti, Zn–Mn–Ti, Zn–Cu–Ti) with UTS of 198–212 MPa and elongation of 7–21% were also found to provide a good combination of strength, biodegradability and biocompatibility to stomach closure in an animal study [ 78 ]. Judging by the mechanical properties of pure Zn and Zn alloys in Table 3 , it is clear that the strength of the as cast Zn alloys can hardly satisfy the mechanical property requirements for wound closure application.…”
Novel ternary Zn–Ca–Cu alloys were studied for the development of absorbable wound closure device material due to Ca and Cu's therapeutic values to wound healing. The influence of Ca and Cu on the microstructure, mechanical and degradation properties of Zn were investigated in the as-cast state to establish the fundamental understanding on the Zn–Ca–Cu alloy system. The microstructure of Zn-0.5Ca-0.5Cu, Zn-1.0Ca-0.5Cu, and Zn0.5Ca-1.0Cu is composed of intermetallic phase CaZn
13
distributed within the Zn–Cu solid solution. The presence of CaZn
13
phase and Cu as solute within the Zn matrix, on the one hand, exhibited a synergistic effect on the grain refinement of Zn, reducing the grain size of pure Zn by 96%; on the other hand, improved the mechanical properties of the ternary alloys through solid solution strengthening, second phase strengthening, and grain refinement. The degradation properties of Zn–Ca–Cu alloys are primarily influenced by the micro-galvanic corrosion between Zn–Cu matrix and CaZn
13
phase, where the 0.5% and 1.0% Ca addition increased the corrosion rate of Zn from 11.5 μm/y to 19.8 μm/y and 29.6 μm/y during 4 weeks immersion test.
“…These materials possess UTS of 196–290 MPa, elongation of 14.6–22.0%, which exhibited sufficient tensile force and biocompatibility in the animal gastrointestinal environment. Similarly, Zn based staples (Zn–Cu–Mn–Ti, Zn–Mn–Ti, Zn–Cu–Ti) with UTS of 198–212 MPa and elongation of 7–21% were also found to provide a good combination of strength, biodegradability and biocompatibility to stomach closure in an animal study [ 78 ]. Judging by the mechanical properties of pure Zn and Zn alloys in Table 3 , it is clear that the strength of the as cast Zn alloys can hardly satisfy the mechanical property requirements for wound closure application.…”
Novel ternary Zn–Ca–Cu alloys were studied for the development of absorbable wound closure device material due to Ca and Cu's therapeutic values to wound healing. The influence of Ca and Cu on the microstructure, mechanical and degradation properties of Zn were investigated in the as-cast state to establish the fundamental understanding on the Zn–Ca–Cu alloy system. The microstructure of Zn-0.5Ca-0.5Cu, Zn-1.0Ca-0.5Cu, and Zn0.5Ca-1.0Cu is composed of intermetallic phase CaZn
13
distributed within the Zn–Cu solid solution. The presence of CaZn
13
phase and Cu as solute within the Zn matrix, on the one hand, exhibited a synergistic effect on the grain refinement of Zn, reducing the grain size of pure Zn by 96%; on the other hand, improved the mechanical properties of the ternary alloys through solid solution strengthening, second phase strengthening, and grain refinement. The degradation properties of Zn–Ca–Cu alloys are primarily influenced by the micro-galvanic corrosion between Zn–Cu matrix and CaZn
13
phase, where the 0.5% and 1.0% Ca addition increased the corrosion rate of Zn from 11.5 μm/y to 19.8 μm/y and 29.6 μm/y during 4 weeks immersion test.
“…Fig. 1 shows an illustration of various in vivo studies using Zn-based materials for potential clinical applications [ [85] , [86] , [87] , [88] , [89] , [90] , [91] , [92] , [93] ]. Fig.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… Fig. 1 Potential biomedical applications of Zn-based materials: (a1) staple line made from Zn alloy [ 86 ], (a2) macroscopic appearance of Zn alloy staples [ 86 ], (b1) Zn alloy plate and screws, and fixed mandibular bone fractures immediately after surgery [ 87 ], (b2) Zn-based fixative plates, screws, and porous scaffolds providing temporary mechanical support for bone tissue regeneration [ 88 ], (c1) schematic illustration of stent implantation into a coronary vessel [ 89 ], (c2) selected 2D and 3D micro-CT images of Zn stents after different implantation time [ 90 ], (d1) histological characterization of hard tissue sections at implant sites for Zn-5HA composite at week 4 and 8, the red triangle indicates newly formed bone [ 91 ], (d2) histological observation of different parts of the implant in the bone environment at 6 months (blue arrows indicate the bones surrounding the implant in the medullary cavity, and white arrows mark the locally corroded site) [ 92 ], (d3) histological images showing the maturation of the newly formed bone in the Zn-MEM compared with the still un-mineralized bone matrix in the Col-MEM group [ 93 ]. …”
Biodegradable metals (BMs) gradually degrade
in vivo
by releasing corrosion products once exposed to the physiological environment in the body. Complete dissolution of biodegradable implants assists tissue healing, with no implant residues in the surrounding tissues. In recent years, three classes of BMs have been extensively investigated, including magnesium (Mg)-based, iron (Fe)-based, and zinc (Zn)-based BMs. Among these three BMs, Mg-based materials have undergone the most clinical trials. However, Mg-based BMs generally exhibit faster degradation rates, which may not match the healing periods for bone tissue, whereas Fe-based BMs exhibit slower and less complete
in vivo
degradation. Zn-based BMs are now considered a new class of BMs due to their intermediate degradation rates, which fall between those of Mg-based BMs and Fe-based BMs, thus requiring extensive research to validate their suitability for biomedical applications. In the present study, recent research and development on Zn-based BMs are reviewed in conjunction with discussion of their advantages and limitations in relation to existing BMs. The underlying roles of alloy composition, microstructure, and processing technique on the mechanical and corrosion properties of Zn-based BMs are also discussed.
“…Zinc alloys have been investigated for bone fixation, staples, and vascular stents. − Although the requirements of each of these applications are different, the range of properties obtained with the Zn-Al-Cu-Li alloys is comparable with benchmark biomaterials (Table ). Considering vascular stents, the developed alloys exhibit low yield strength (200–300 MPa), UTS values higher than 300 MPa, a large work hardening rate, and elongation higher than 30%.…”
A series
of quaternary Zn-Al-Cu-Li alloys with different weight
fractions of Cu, Al, and Li were developed and investigated for potential
application in high load bearing bioresorbable implants. The developed
alloys provided various fractions of binary and ternary intermetallic
structures, which resulted in formation of multiphase microstructures
containing a zinc-rich η-phase and LiZn4 and CuZn4 phases. The intermetallic phases promoted grain refinement
and a good combination of mechanical properties. The developed Zn-2Al-4Cu-0.6Li
alloy showed strength and ductility close to commercially pure Ti
alloys with a UTS value of ∼535 MPa and elongation of 37%.
The examination of in vitro corrosion behavior of the developed alloys
in the modified Hanks’ solution revealed suitable corrosion
rates (∼38.5 μm/year). The moderate corrosion rate was
controlled by the formation of a homogeneous layer of stable corrosion
products that protected the alloys from the corrosive environment,
particularly in the late stages of immersion. The developed alloys
with the most promising mechanical and corrosion properties appeared
to be biocompatible to mouse fibroblast cells and human umbilical
mesenchymal stem cells, making them suitable candidates for implant
applications.
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