NUCLEAR DATA MEASUREMENT OF¹⁸⁶RE PRODUCTION VIA VARIOUS REACTIONS

Abstract

The TALYS code: TALYS is a computer code system Rhenium-186, having a half-life of 90.64 h, is an important radionuclide, used in metabolic radiotherapy and radio immunotherapy. 186 Re hydroxyethylidene diphosphonate (HEDP) is a new compound used for the palliation of painful skeletal metastases. Its production is achieved via charged-particle-induced reactions; the data are available in EXFOR library. For the work discussed in this paper, production of 186 Re was done via nat W(p,n) 186 Re nuclear reaction. Pellets of nat W were used as targets and were irradiated with 15, 17.5, 20, 22.5, 25 MeV proton beams at 5 µA current. The radiochemical separation was performed by the ion exchange chromatography method. The production yield achieved at 25 MeV was 1.91 MBq·µA -1 ·h -1 .Excitation functions for the 186 Re radionuclide, via 186 W(p,n) 186 Re and 186 W(d,2n) 186 Re reactions were calculated by ALICE-ASH and TALYS-1.0 codes to validate and fit the experimental data and to obtain a recommended set of data for 186 W(p,n) 186 Re reaction. Required thickness of the targets was obtained by SRIM code for each reaction.

Production of the 103Pd via Cyclotron and Preparation of the Brachytherapy Seed

“…Using the codes simultaneously increases the accuracy of calculations. The calculated results were compared to the existing data of references [13][14][15][16][17][18].…”

“…Calculations were carried out based on the Fermi gas model with the nuclear level density parameter a = A/y and the generalized superfluid nuclear model. The default value of y is equal to [17,19].…”

“…TALYS models the nuclear reactions that involve protons, deuterons, neutrons, alpha particles, gamma rays, tritons, and hellions. The code simulated the reactions in the energy range from 1 keV to 200 MeV, for target nuclides of mass 12 and heavier [14,17]. EMPIRE: EMPIRE (version 3.1 Rivoli) simulates various nuclear reactions, over a broad range of energies and incident particles.…”

Bulk production and evaluation of high specific activity 186gRe for cancer therapy using enriched 186WO3 targets in a proton beam

“…A critical review of the two reactions was performed [17], and an upper proton energy limit for the (p,n) reaction of 18 MeV was identified. Radiorhenium formed in matrices of either W metal or WO 3 may be chemically separated via dry distillation [18][19][20], liquid-liquid extraction [21] or anion-exchange controlled liquid-solid sorption [22][23][24] from aqueous target solutions prepared from either the metal (requiring oxidizer and base) or the trioxide (requiring base only).…”

Deuteron irradiation of W and WO3 for production of high specific activity 186Re: Challenges associated with thick target preparation

“…However, it is important to also consider losses occurring in the isolation process and recovery of enriched W metal. Radiorhenium has been previously shown to be chemically separable from matrices of WO 3 via dry distillation (Lapi et al, 2007;Novgorodov et al, 2000), liquid-liquid extraction (Moustapha et al, 2006), or anion-exchange controlled liquid-solid sorption from aqueous target solutions (Bidokhti et al, 2010;Shigeta et al, 1996;Zhang et al, 2001). If wet-chemical processing is considered, WO 3 is quite attractive as its recycling scheme may require fewer steps.…”