Numerical Analysis of Coronavirus Detection Using Photonic Crystal Fibre–Based SPR Sensor

Abstract

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a worldwide health emergency caused by the coronavirus 2 (severe acute respiratory illness) (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 has a wide range of symptoms, making a definitive diagnosis difficult. The shortage of equipment for testing technology COVID-19 has resulted in long queues for COVID-19 testing, which is a major problem. COVID-19 testing is currently performed using sluggish and costly technology like single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The gold standard test for diagnosing COVID-19 is real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), which necessitates highly skilled workers and has a lengthy turnaround time. However, rapid and affordable immunodiagnostic techniques (antigen or antibody tests) are also available with some trade off accuracy. Optical sensors are frequently employed in a variety of applications, because of their increased sensitivity, strong selectivity, rapid reaction times, and outstanding resolution. The use of photonic crystal fibre (PCF) is advantageous for the quick detection of the new coronavirus and is suggested with the use of a PCF-based (Au/BaTiO3/graphene) multilayered surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor. The proposed sensor can quickly detect the COVID-19 virus in two different ligand-analyte environments: (i) the virus spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) as an analyte and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) as a probe ligand, and (ii) monoclonal antibodies (IgG or IgM) as an analyte and the virus spike RBD as a probe ligand. The finite element method (FEM) is used to quantitatively examine the performance of the PCF-based multilayered SPR sensor.

Design and numerical-phase analysis of an SPR system for direct detection of SARS-CoV-2 virus in pharyngeal swab solution

“…Recently, a study by Gupta revealed that a PCF-based multilayered SPR sensor can detect COVID-19. 37 Trzaskowski et al used an SPR detection system to effectively detect anti-SARS-CoV-2 with an LOD of 40 ng mL À1 . 38 Fan et al used an SPR biosensor based on a dual signal amplification strategy to efficiently detect the SARS-CoV-2 N protein for 15 min with an LOD of 83 pg mL À1 .…”

A D-Shaped SPR-Based PCF Sensor with an Extremely High-Amplitude Sensitivity for Measuring the Refractive Index

“…Then the electrons propagate parallel to the surface and produce energetic plasmon electrons through non-radiative excitation [ 2 , 3 ]. When the SPR effect occurs, a tiny deviation in the analyte refractive index (RI) or other variables of the propagation medium and multi-physics system will change the phase-matching condition and further hinders the SPR excitation [ 4 , 5 ], making it play a dominant role in real-time interaction sensing of biomolecular binding events [ 6 ] and feasible for analyte measurements and multi-physics system sensing, especially medical reagent testing services in the global public health crisis [ 7 , 8 , 9 ]. In recent years, with extensive research on photonic crystal fibres (PCFs) [ 10 ], findings have concluded that PCF is an excellent environment for the SPR effect to be excited because of its distinctive optical properties and a designable structure with different geometries and materials to choose from [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ].…”

A Dual-Core Surface Plasmon Resonance-Based Photonic Crystal Fiber Sensor for Simultaneously Measuring the Refractive Index and Temperature

“…Then, the electrons propagate parallel to the surface and produce energetic plasmon electrons through non-radiative excitation [2,3]. When the effect happens, a minuscule change in the reflective index (RI) or other variables of the background medium or multi-scale system will alter the phasematching condition and further hinder the occurrence of the excitation of the SPR effect, which makes it feasible for the measurement of analyte RI or other objects in the field of sensing, especially medical testing services in the context of the coronavirus disease [4][5][6]. In recent years, with extensive studies and applications on photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) [7], the findings have concluded that PCFs are a satisfactory environment for the SPR effect to be excited due to its distinctive optical properties and a designable structure with a variety of geometrical topologies and plasmonic materials to choose from [8][9][10][11].…”