Numerical implementation and oceanographic application of the thermodynamic potentials of water, vapour, ice, seawater and air – Part 1: Background and equations

Feistel, Rainer; Wright, Daniel G.; Jackett, David R.; Miyagawa, Kiyoshi; Reissmann, J. H.; Wagner, Wolfgang; Overhoff, U.; Guder, C.; Feistel, A.; Marion, G. M.

doi:10.5194/osd-7-521-2010

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 47 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…That is, new functions based on the fundamental thermodynamic relations can be introduced into user libraries (e.g., Feistel et al, 2009;Wright et al, 2009) and/or new or extended versions of the empirically determined thermodynamic potentials can be introduced without directly affecting the other part. All that is required is that a standard interface be established to communicate information between the two parts.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…of seawater (IAPWS, 2008a;Feistel, 2008a;Feistel et al, 2009;Wright et al, 2009) consist of a pure-water part, g W , available from the Helmholtz function f W (T , ρ) given by the IAPWS-95 formulation, and a saline addition, g S , accounting for the solute regarded as sea salt. Here, S A = m S / m W + m S is the absolute salinity (Millero et al, 2008), expressed by the mass, m S , of salt dissolved in a mass of liquid water, m W .…”

Section: Gibbs Function For Sea Airmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Thermodynamic properties of sea air

et al. 2010

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract. Very accurate thermodynamic potential functions are available for fluid water, ice, seawater and humid air covering wide ranges of temperature and pressure conditions. They permit the consistent computation of all equilibrium properties as, for example, required for coupled atmosphereocean models or the analysis of observational or experimental data. With the exception of humid air, these potential functions are already formulated as international standards released by the International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam (IAPWS), and have been adopted in 2009 for oceanography by IOC/UNESCO.In this paper, we derive a collection of formulas for important quantities expressed in terms of the thermodynamic potentials, valid for typical phase transitions and composite systems of humid air and water/ice/seawater. Particular attention is given to equilibria between seawater and humid air, referred to as "sea air" here. In a related initiative, these formulas will soon be implemented in a source-code library for easy practical use. The library is primarily aimed at oceanographic applications but will be relevant to air-sea interaction and meteorology as well.The formulas provided are valid for any consistent set of suitable thermodynamic potential functions. Here we adopt potential functions from previous publications in which they are constructed from theoretical laws and empirical data; they are briefly summarized in the appendix. The formulas make use of the full accuracy of these thermodynamic potentials, without additional approximations or empirical coefficients. They are expressed in the temperature scale ITS-90 and the 2008 Reference-Composition Salinity Scale.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Gibbs Function For Sea Airmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermodynamic properties of sea air

et al. 2010

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…α represents how much the seawater increases its volume (hence reducing density) for each increment of temperature while β represents the seawater loss in volume (increase in density) with the increasing salinity value [ 22 ]. Henceforth, changes in the ratio α/β (AONB) could be used as proxy for changes in stratification strength as shown further down [ 23 , 24 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrological and biogeochemical response of the Mediterranean Sea to freshwater flow changes for the end of the 21st century

Macías¹,

Adolf²,

García-Górriz³

et al. 2018

PLoS ONE

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

We evaluate the changes on the hydrological (temperature and salinity) and biogeochemical (phytoplankton biomass) characteristics of the Mediterranean Sea induced by freshwater flow modifications under two different scenarios for the end of the 21st century. An ensemble of four regional climate model realizations using different global circulation models at the boundary and different emission scenarios are used to force a single ocean model for the Mediterranean Sea. Freshwater flow is modified according to the simulated changes in the precipitation rates for the different rivers’ catchment regions. To isolate the effect resulting from a change in freshwater flow, model results are evaluated against a ‘baseline’ simulation realized assuming a constant inflow equivalent to climatologic values. Our model results indicate that sea surface salinity could be significantly altered by freshwater flow modification in specific regions and that the affected area and the sign of the anomaly are highly dependent on the used climate model and emission scenario. Sea surface temperature and phytoplankton biomass, on the contrary, show no coherent spatial pattern but a rather widespread scattered response. We found in open-water regions a significant negative relationship between sea surface temperature anomalies and phytoplankton biomass anomalies. This indicates that freshwater flow modification could alter the vertical stability of the water column throughout the Mediterranean Sea, by changing the strength of vertical mixing and consequently upper water fertilization. In coastal regions, however, the correlation between sea temperature anomalies and phytoplankton biomass is positive, indicating a larger importance of the physiological control of growth rates by temperature.

show abstract

“…Combined, these four potentials permit the computation of thermodynamic properties of the atmosphere, the ocean, clouds, ice and lakes in a comprehensive and consistent manner, valid over wide ranges in temperature, pressure and concentrations, from polar cirrus clouds at high altitudes to saline estuaries in the tropics, with the highest accuracy presently available. Rather than being a mere theoretical exercise, these four independent functions and numerous properties derived thereof are available from a numerical source-code library which has currently been developed, supporting the implementation of the intended new oceanographic TEOS-10 standard (Feistel et al, 2009;Wright et al, 2009). The library will be available in Fortran and Visual Basic/Excel for easy use on various platforms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The time it takes to determine tailored formulae or to compute and store tabulated values in look-up tables is irrelevant for their later usage. The sea-air functions implemented in the library (Feistel et al, 2009;Wright et al, 2009) permit the computation of look-up tables for practically any desired combination of input and output properties, since the thermodynamic potentials provide a complete description. Real-time models require the highest computation speeds; so, we believe that our equations may well feed such models with the most accurate properties available.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermodynamic properties of sea air

Feistel¹,

Kretzschmar²,

Hagen³

et al. 2009

Preprint

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract. Very accurate thermodynamic potential functions are available for fluid water, ice, seawater and humid air covering wide ranges of temperature and pressure conditions. They permit the consistent computation of all equilibrium properties as, for example, required for coupled atmosphere–ocean models or the analysis of observational or experimental data. With the exception of humid air, these potential functions are already formulated as international standards released by the International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam (IAPWS), and have been adopted in 2009 for oceanography by IOC/UNESCO. In this paper, we derive a collection of formulas for important quantities expressed in terms of the thermodynamic potentials, valid for typical phase transitions and composite systems of humid air and water/ice/seawater. Particular attention is given to equilibria between seawater and humid air, referred to as ''sea air'' here. In a related initiative, these formulas will soon be implemented in a source-code library for easy practical use. The library is primarily aimed at oceanographic applications but will be relevant to air-sea interaction and meteorology as well. The formulas provided are valid for any consistent set of suitable thermodynamic potential functions. Here we adopt potential functions from previous publications in which they are constructed from theoretical laws and empirical data; they are briefly summarized in the appendix. The formulas make use of the full accuracy of these thermodynamic potentials, without additional approximations or empirical coefficients. They are expressed in the temperature scale ITS-90 and the 2008 Reference-Composition Salinity Scale.

show abstract

Numerical implementation and oceanographic application of the thermodynamic potentials of water, vapour, ice, seawater and air – Part 1: Background and equations

Cited by 7 publications

References 47 publications

Thermodynamic properties of sea air

Thermodynamic properties of sea air

Hydrological and biogeochemical response of the Mediterranean Sea to freshwater flow changes for the end of the 21st century

Thermodynamic properties of sea air

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About