Numerical study of the triggering mechanism of the 2018 Anak Krakatau tsunami: eruption or collapsed landslide?

Ren, Zhiyuan; Wang, Yuchen; Wang, Peitao; Hou, Jingming; Gao, Yi; Zhao, Lei

doi:10.1007/s11069-020-03907-y

Cited by 33 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Our new volume calculation is close to the lowest end of this volume range, similar to the authors' revised model. The landslide volume presented here is also supported by tsunami modelling estimates in other studies [24][25][26][27][34][35][36][37] ; thus, indicating that our mapped landslide volume can explain the recorded tsunami without the need to invoke any additional source mechanisms.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…In many respects, the Anak Krakatau edifice is comparable to Ritter, being dominated by well-bedded mafic volcaniclastic deposits with interbedded lavas. At Ritter, however, this clastic failure mass appears to have been relatively weak and disintegrated rapidly, forming a highly mobile flow 35 , 45 . Although a superficially similar edifice, the pattern of disintegration at Anak Krakatau is in strong contrast to Ritter, suggesting that the bulk properties, fragmentation and pre-collapse pattern of deformation preconditioning failure, may not be easily predictable.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Submarine landslide megablocks show half of Anak Krakatau island failed on December 22nd, 2018

et al. 2021

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As demonstrated at Anak Krakatau on December 22nd, 2018, tsunamis generated by volcanic flank collapse are incompletely understood and can be devastating. Here, we present the first high-resolution characterisation of both subaerial and submarine components of the collapse. Combined Synthetic Aperture Radar data and aerial photographs reveal an extensive subaerial failure that bounds pre-event deformation and volcanic products. To the southwest of the volcano, bathymetric and seismic reflection data reveal a blocky landslide deposit (0.214 ± 0.036 km3) emplaced over 1.5 km into the adjacent basin. Our findings are consistent with en-masse lateral collapse with a volume ≥0.175 km3, resolving several ambiguities in previous reconstructions. Post-collapse eruptions produced an additional ~0.3 km3 of tephra, burying the scar and landslide deposit. The event provides a model for lateral collapse scenarios at other arc-volcanic islands showing that rapid island growth can lead to large-scale failure and that even faster rebuilding can obscure pre-existing collapse.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Submarine landslide megablocks show half of Anak Krakatau island failed on December 22nd, 2018

et al. 2021

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“…The numerical modeling of the event by Paris et al (2020) and Zengaffinen et al (2020) further reconfirmed the source model initially proposed by Heidarzadeh et al (2020a). The volume of the sliding mass during the AKT was estimated at 0.2-0.3 km 3 by Ren et al (2020) whereas Heidarzadeh et al (2020a) reported it in the range of 0.175-0.326 km 3 . The volume estimate by Grilli et al (2019) is 0.22-0.30 km 3 .…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 66%

Field Survey of Tsunami Heights and Runups Following the 22 December 2018 Anak Krakatau Volcano Tsunami, Indonesia

Heidarzadeh

Putra

Nugroho

et al. 2020

Pure Appl. Geophys.

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The 22 December 2018 Anak Karakatau tsunami in Indonesia was a rare event in that few instrumental records existed of tsunamis generated by volcanic sources before this event. The tsunami, which left a death toll of 437, is of global importance as it provides opportunities to develop knowledge on generation, propagation and coastal effects of volcanic tsunamis. Here, we report results of field surveys along the coast of the Sunda Strait, Indonesia to study tsunami wave heights and coastal damage. We surveyed 29 locations and measured ranges of tsunami runup from 0.9 to 5.2 m, tsunami heights from 1.4 to 6.3 m, flow depths from 0.2 m to 3.0 m and inundation distances from 18 to 212 m. The largest tsunami heights and concentration of damage and fatalities occurred on the western shore of Java from Tanjung Lesung to Sumur. The largest cluster of fatalities occurred at Tanjung Lesung, where more than 50 people died while attending an outdoor music being held at the shoreline. The tsunami runup and tsunami height in Tanjung Lesung were 4.0 and 2.9–3.8 m, respectively. We believe this tragedy could have been avoided if the event organizers were more aware of the hazard posed by the Anak Krakatau volcano, as it had been actively erupting for several months prior to the tsunami, and simply moved the concert stage 100 m inland. Many of the locations surveyed demonstrated a similar pattern where the majority of casualties and destruction occurred within 100 m of the coast; in several locations, lives were saved where buildings were located at least this distance inland. The significant damage and numerous deaths which occurred in Sumur, despite the moderate tsunami height of 2.3–2.5 m, can be attributed to the extremely low-lying coastal land there. Flow depth in Sumur was 0.9–2.0 m. During our field surveys, nearly one year after the event, we noted that some of the damaged buildings were being rebuilt in the same locations just 10–30 m from the shoreline. We question this practice since the new buildings could be at the same tsunami risk as those damaged in the 2018 event.

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“…Wang et al (2020) designed offshore bottom pressure gauges (OBPGs) network using the results simulated by a two-layer model. Moreover, Ren et al (2020) simulated the landslide tsunami induced by the collapse of Anak Krakatau in 2018. This model (Imamura and Imteaz 1995) was used in the present study to simulate the Palu tsunami and to investigate the landslide locations based on the observed run-up heights and video footages which were not considered by Pakoksung et al (2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consideration of submarine landslide induced by 2018 Sulawesi earthquake and tsunami within Palu Bay

Nagai

Muhari²,

Pakoksung

et al. 2021

Coastal Engineering Journal

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On September 28 2018, an Mw 7.5 strike-slip earthquake occurred to the north of Palu Bay on the Sulawesi Island, Indonesia. This triggered a destructive tsunami within the bay, which reached Palu city. Simulation have been conducted to investigate the landslide source. However, the tsunami should be investigated considering a physical model in the area where detailed bathymetric survey had not been conducted. In this study, we investigated the impact of coastal landslides on the southern part of the bay using a two-layer model. Owing to the increasing collapse volume, the southern west coastal landslide could approximately explain the observations in Palu city. However, the calculated mass volume of the source largely overestimated the bathymetric survey data. Hence, we considered the possibility of submarine landslide in the southern part of the bay and the simulation results could approximately explain the maximum tsunami heights in the southern part of the bay. These results suggest that more detailed multibeam data will be required to investigate the possible submarine landslide in the southern area which could induce a destructive tsunami reaching Palu city within a few minutes after the collapse.

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Numerical study of the triggering mechanism of the 2018 Anak Krakatau tsunami: eruption or collapsed landslide?

Cited by 33 publications

References 29 publications

Submarine landslide megablocks show half of Anak Krakatau island failed on December 22nd, 2018

Submarine landslide megablocks show half of Anak Krakatau island failed on December 22nd, 2018

Field Survey of Tsunami Heights and Runups Following the 22 December 2018 Anak Krakatau Volcano Tsunami, Indonesia

Consideration of submarine landslide induced by 2018 Sulawesi earthquake and tsunami within Palu Bay

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