Nutritional evaluation of live food organisms and commercial dry feeds used for seed production of amberjackSeriola dumerili

Abstract

To improve the nutritional quality of live foods and dry feeds ordinarily used for the seed production of amberjack Seriola dumerili, the nutrient contents of rotifers, Artemia nauplii and commercial feeds used in two larval production stations were evaluated. For comparison of the nutrient contents, artificially produced larvae, wild-caught juveniles and wild zooplankton samples were also analyzed. The proportions of 22:6n-3 in the polar lipid of the cultured larvae increased by feeding the dry feeds. The taurine contents of the cultured larvae reflected the contents of their foods (rotifers < dry feed < Artemia nauplii). The taurine content and the proportion of 22:6n-3 in Acartia spp. were higher than in foods fed to the larvae. These parameters in the wild juveniles were higher than the cultured ones. The A/E ratios [(each essential amino acid/total essential amino acids) ¥ 1000] of the total amino acids of the live foods and dry feeds were similar to those of the cultured larvae, except for the lower ratios of histidine, arginine, threonine and lysine in the live foods. The mucosal folds of the intestine of the cultured larvae did not show typical signs of dietary phospholipid deficiency. These results suggest that requirements of nutrients such as 22:6n-3 and taurine should be determined for mass production of amberjack seeds.

First results of spawning and larval rearing of longfin yellowtailSeriola rivolianaas a fast-growing candidate for European marine finfish aquaculture diversification

“…Previous results from Yamamoto et al . ; suggest that in Artemia ‐feeding stages at least 1.4–2.6% of DHA and 2.3–4.1% of n‐3 HUFAs are needed in the diet of the yellowtail S. quinqueradiata . Present results showed that S. rivoliana eggs contents 16.5% total fatty acids (TFA) (about 4.3% DW) in DHA and n‐3 HUFA were as high as 26.9% TFA (7.1% DW) suggesting even higher EFA requirements for this species, than for S. quinqueradiata .…”

“…The relation between larval welfare and essential fatty acids, such as 20:5n-3 (EPA), 22:6n-3 (DHA) and 20:4n-6 (ARA), has been emphasized in early stages of development for different marines species (Izquierdo 1996), with 'shock syndrome' being one of the indication of EFA limitations in the diets (Izquierdo et al 1989). Previous results from Yamamoto et al 2008; suggest that in Artemiafeeding stages at least 1.4-2.6% of DHA and 2.3-4.1% of n-3 HUFAs are needed in the diet of the yellowtail S. quinqueradiata. Present results showed that S. rivoliana eggs contents 16.5% total fatty acids (TFA) (about 4.3% DW) in DHA and n-3 HUFA were as high as 26.9% TFA (7.1% DW) suggesting even higher EFA requirements for this species, than for S. quinqueradiata.…”

“…However, the bottleneck to S. rivoliana mass production is the unreliable supplies of juveniles resulting from poor spawns and low hatchery survival. Therefore, the industry in Japan, Australia and USA is relying on the collection of fingerlings from the wild, to be ongrown in tank and cages (Nakada 2002;Yamamoto, Teruya, Hara, Hokazono, Hashimoto, Suzuki, Iwashita, Matsunari, Fuguita & Mushiake 2008).…”

Effects of taurine supplementation in live feeds on larval rearing performance of California yellowtailSeriola lalandiand white seabassAtractoscion nobilis

“…and Artemia have been shown to have dramatically lower concentrations of taurine than calanoid copepods, a common larval prey item in the wild (Yamamoto et al . ). Yamamoto et al .…”

“…Fewer studies have focused on fish larvae (Chen, Takeuchi, Takahashi, Tomoda, Koisi & Kuwada ; Salze, McLean & Craig ; Matsunari, Hashimoto, Iwasaki, Oda, Masuda, Imaizumi, Teruya, Furuita, Yamamoto, Hamada & Mushiake ). Marine fish larvae typically consume planktonic prey items in the wild, such as copepods, that have been shown to contain high levels of taurine, suggesting that the physiological requirement for taurine may be high during this stage of development (Conceição, van der Meeren, Verreth, Evjen, Houlihan & Fyhn ; Helland, Nejstgaard, Humlen, Fyhn & Bamstedt ; van der Meeren, Olsen, Hamre & Fyhn ; Yamamoto, Teruya, Hara, Hokazono, Hashimoto, Suzuki, Iwashita, Matsunari, Furuita & Mushiake ; Maehre, Hamre & Elevoll ). Conversely, two typical live prey items used for culturing marine fish, rotifers ( Brachionus sp.)…”