“…In the 1970's, Alves (1971), Kingston and Kingston (1972), Langoni (1973) and Gonçalves (1976) used tax data to analyze the concentration of income at the top of the distribution between 1960and 1970and Gibbon (1978, 1979 to study mobility at the top of the distribution between 1970 and 1975. Beginning in the 1990s, research on the rich in Brazil boomed, using both survey and tax data (Albuquerque, 1994;Castro, 2014;Dedecca, 2014;Ferreira, 2001;Medeiros, 2004Medeiros, , 2005Medeiros, Souza, & Castro, 2014a, 2014b, 2015aMedeiros et al, 2015b;Medeiros, Souza, & Castro, 2015c;Souza, 2014;Torche & Costa-Ribeiro, 2012).…”