Obesity, Diabetes and COVID-19: An Infectious Disease Spreading From the East Collides With the Consequences of an Unhealthy Western Lifestyle

Holly, Jeff M.P.; Biernacka, Kalina; Maskell, Nick A; Perks, Claire M

doi:10.3389/fendo.2020.582870

Cited by 53 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 165 publications

(186 reference statements)

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“…The activation of the receptor for the advanced glycation end products (RAGE), which is also expressed in the lungs, produces a pro-inflammatory response via nuclear factor (NF)-κB, by increasing the NF-κBp65 expression and the degradation of IκB [ 73 ]. Accumulation of AGE could prime an exaggerated cytokine response to viral infection and ARDS [ 74 ]. It has also been suggested that SARS-CoV-2 could activate RAGE, a pattern recognition receptor that recognizes both pathogen-associated molecular patterns from microorganisms and danger-associated molecular patterns released by damaged cells [ 73 , 74 ].…”

Section: Diabesity Meta-inflammation and Il-6: The Role In Severmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Accumulation of AGE could prime an exaggerated cytokine response to viral infection and ARDS [ 74 ]. It has also been suggested that SARS-CoV-2 could activate RAGE, a pattern recognition receptor that recognizes both pathogen-associated molecular patterns from microorganisms and danger-associated molecular patterns released by damaged cells [ 73 , 74 ]. Infection with SARS-CoV-2 also perturbs the renin–angiotensin system, favoring angiotensin II receptor 1 activation and potentially transactivating RAGE [ 74 ].…”

Section: Diabesity Meta-inflammation and Il-6: The Role In Severmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has also been suggested that SARS-CoV-2 could activate RAGE, a pattern recognition receptor that recognizes both pathogen-associated molecular patterns from microorganisms and danger-associated molecular patterns released by damaged cells [ 73 , 74 ]. Infection with SARS-CoV-2 also perturbs the renin–angiotensin system, favoring angiotensin II receptor 1 activation and potentially transactivating RAGE [ 74 ]. In overweight/obese individuals (BMI ≥ 27 kg/m 2 ) the reduced ACE2 mRNA expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue was associated with an improvement of insulin sensitivity of skeletal muscle during weight reduction over 3 months [ 75 ].…”

Section: Diabesity Meta-inflammation and Il-6: The Role In Severmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mediterranean Diet for the Prevention of Gestational Diabetes in the Covid-19 Era: Implications of Il-6 In Diabesity

Fedullo¹,

Schiattarella

Morlando

et al. 2021

IJMS

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The aim of this review is to highlight the influence of the Mediterranean Diet (MedDiet) on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) and Gestational Weight Gain (GWG) during the COVID-19 pandemic era and the specific role of interleukin (IL)-6 in diabesity. It is known that diabetes, high body mass index, high glycated hemoglobin and raised serum IL-6 levels are predictive of poor outcomes in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The immunopathological mechanisms of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection include rising levels of several cytokines and in particular IL-6. The latter is associated with hyperglycemia and insulin resistance and could be useful for predicting the development of GDM. Rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals, MedDiet improves the immune system and could modulate IL-6, C reactive protein and Nuclear Factor (NF)-κB. Moreover, polyphenols could modulate microbiota composition, inhibit the NF-κB pathway, lower IL-6, and upregulate antioxidant enzymes. Finally, adhering to the MedDiet prior to and during pregnancy could have a protective effect, reducing GWG and the risk of GDM, as well as improving the immune response to viral infections such as COVID-19.

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Section: Diabesity Meta-inflammation and Il-6: The Role In Severmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Diabesity Meta-inflammation and Il-6: The Role In Severmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Diabesity Meta-inflammation and Il-6: The Role In Severmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Mediterranean Diet for the Prevention of Gestational Diabetes in the Covid-19 Era: Implications of Il-6 In Diabesity

Fedullo¹,

Schiattarella

Morlando

et al. 2021

IJMS

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show abstract

“…It was concluded on the basis of experiments conducted more than a decade ago, in which knock-out of the ACE2 gene in mice resulted in a deficiency of pancreatic insulin secretion that was partially countered by increased glucose utilization in muscle. Furthermore, overexpression of ACE2 improved glycaemic control in a model of type 2 diabetes in mice [ 55 , 56 ]. It is also reported that insulin decreases the expression of ACE2 [ 57 ] and levels of ACE2 in urine and serum are increased in patients with diabetes and positively related to blood glucose and HbA1c levels [ 56 ].…”

Section: The Mechanisms Linking Diabetes and Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%

What Every Diabetologist Should Know about SARS-CoV-2: State of Knowledge at the Beginning of 2021

Abramczyk¹,

Kuzan

2021

JCM

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For almost a year, the major medical problem has been the pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. People with diabetes who contract COVID-19 are likely to experience more serious symptoms than patients without diabetes. This article presents new research about the epidemiology of COVID-19 in a group of patients with diabetes. It details the mortality and prognosis in such patients, as well as the relationship between COVID-19 and the diseases most often coexisting with diabetes: obesity, atherosclerosis, hypertension, and increased risk for infection. It also details how the virus infects and affects patients with hyperglycemia. The context of glycation and receptors for advanced glycation products (RAGE) seems to be of particular importance here. We also present a hypothesis related to the cause-and-effect axis—it turns out that diabetes can be both the cause of the more difficult course of COVID-19 and the result of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The last part of this article discusses the impact of antihyperglycemic drugs on the development of COVID-19 and other pharmacological implications, including which non-classical antihyperglycemic drugs seem to be effective in both the treatment of coronavirus infection and glucose homeostasis, and what strategies related to RAGE and glycation should be considered.

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“…Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19), a viral infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), recently emerged as a serious public health problem 1 2 . Currently, millions of people have been infected with SARS-CoV-2 worldwide.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydroxychloroquine: mechanism of action inhibiting SARS-CoV2 entry

Yuan

Pavel

Wang

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: SARS-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is currently causing a worldwide pandemic. Potential drugs identified for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection include chloroquine (CQ), its derivative hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), and the anesthetic propofol. Their mechanism of action in SARS-CoV-2 infection is poorly understood. Recently, anesthetics, both general and local, were shown to disrupt ordered lipid domains. These same lipid domains recruit the SARS-CoV-2 surface receptor angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) to an endocytic entry point and their disruption by cholesterol depletion decreases ACE2 recruitment and viral entry. Methods: Viral entry was determined using a SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus (SARS2-PV) and a luciferase reporter gene expressed by the virus after treatment of the cells with 50 micromolar propofol, tetracaine, HCQ, and erythromycin. HCQ disruption of monosialotetrahexosylganglioside1 (GM1) lipid rafts, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) domains, and ACE2 receptor at nanoscale distances was monitored by direct stochastic reconstruction microscopy (dSTORM). Cells were fixed, permeabilized, and then labeled with either fluorescent cholera toxin B (CTxB) or antibody and then fixed again prior to imaging. Cluster analysis of dSTORM images was used to determine size and number and cross pair correlation was used to determine trafficking of endogenously expressed ACE2 in and out of lipid domains. Results: Propofol, tetracaine, and HCQ inhibit SARS2-PV viral entry. HCQ directly perturbs both GM1 lipid rafts and PIP2 domains. GM1 rafts increased in size and number similar to anesthetic disruption of lipid rafts; PIP2 domains decreased in size and number. HCQ blocked both GM1 and PIP2 domains ability to attract and cluster ACE2. Conclusions: We conclude HCQ is an anesthetic-like compound that disrupts GM1 lipid rafts similar to propofol and other local or general anesthetics. Furthermore, we conclude disruption of GM1 raft function, and not the concentration of GM1 raft molecules, governs the antiviral properties of HCQ. HCQ disruption of the membrane appears to also disrupt the production of host defense peptide, hence an antimicrobial such as erythromycin could be an important combined treatment. Nonetheless erythromycin has anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity and may combine with HCQ to reduce infection.

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Obesity, Diabetes and COVID-19: An Infectious Disease Spreading From the East Collides With the Consequences of an Unhealthy Western Lifestyle

Cited by 53 publications

References 165 publications

Mediterranean Diet for the Prevention of Gestational Diabetes in the Covid-19 Era: Implications of Il-6 In Diabesity

Mediterranean Diet for the Prevention of Gestational Diabetes in the Covid-19 Era: Implications of Il-6 In Diabesity

What Every Diabetologist Should Know about SARS-CoV-2: State of Knowledge at the Beginning of 2021

Hydroxychloroquine: mechanism of action inhibiting SARS-CoV2 entry

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