Obesity Indicators and C-reactive Protein in Indonesian Adults (≥ 40 years): The Indonesian Family Life Survey-5 2014–2015

Abstract

C-reactive protein (CRP) is the best clinical marker for systemic inflammation. Obesity is associated with increased CRP levels. Systemic inflammation is present before morbidity occurs. Research reveals that the identification of obesity indicators and CRP levels is limited among Indonesians. The present study investigated the associations between obesity indicators (body mass index [BMI], waist circumference [WC], waist-to-hip ratio [WHR], waist-to-height ratio [WHtR]) and CRP levels among Indonesian adults. This cross-sectional study based on Indonesian Family Life Survey-5 2014–2015 was conducted among 3,386 adults (≥ 40 years) living in 13 provinces in Indonesia during the study period. All data were collected in 2014. Multiple logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratio (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (95% CIs) for hs-CRP levels on obesity indicators by using underweight (BMI) and normal (WC, WHR, and WHtR) as references. Our multivariable logistic regression analyses indicated that respondents with increased WHR (OR: 1.278, 95% CI: 1.005–1.625, P < 0.001) were more likely to have high-risk hs-CRP levels than those with normal WHR. Compared with respondents with normal WHtR, those with increased WHtR were found associated with high-risk hs-CRP levels (OR: 1.980, 95% CI: 1.544–2.541, P < 0.001). Therefore, WHR and WHtR can predict central obesity, which is associated with hs-CRP levels.

Body mass index as the most influential factor of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in non-diabetic adults

“…The different results compared with those of the present study might be caused by different research models. Mahwati et al (11) adjusted the effect of social variables including marital status, education, and residence in the analysis while the present study measured the effect of several obesity indices, age, and blood pressure on hsCRP levels. In our study, age and diastolic blood pressure showed no significant association with hsCRP levels, and after multiple linear regression analysis, BMI was a consistent indicator associated with hsCRP.…”

“…A significant correlation between BMI and hsCRP levels was also found in obese children and adolescents. (14) On the other hand, Mahwati et al, (11) after performing logistic regression, reported a significant association of WHR and WHtR with hsCRP, but no association was observed of BMI and WC with hsCRP. The different results compared with those of the present study might be caused by different research models.…”

“…(10) On the other hand, it was reported that waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) had a significant association with hsCRP, but that BMI and WC showed no significant association with hsCRP. (11) The present study was focused on the association of several obesity indices with hsCRP levels in the Indonesian non-diabetic population, especially young adults (age range 20-40 years). A previous study reported that hsCRP had a better association with BMI compared to WC, but its association with other newly proposed obesity indices including body fat percentage (fat), and visceral fat (VF) had not been revealed.…”

The three month's dietary brown rice intervention has not significantly decreased levels of CRP, TNF- α, and IL6 of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

“…22 In addition, Interleukin-6 has been reported as a cytokine with pleiotropic effects on inflammation, 23 immune response and haematopoiesis. 24 Furthermore, Interleukin-6 can also stimulate the production of several acute phase reactants such as C-Reactive Protein and stimulate hepatic lipogenesis associated with obesity 25 and insulin resistance. 26 However, the limitation of this study is that it was extremely difficult to properly the arrange the eating schedules for both groups of the type 2 diabetes mellitus patients hence, this could have affected the outcomes of the research findings.…”