Observations of the cold wake of Typhoon Fanapi (2010)

Mrvaljevic, Rosalinda K.; Black, Peter G.; Centurioni, Luca; Chang, Ya-Ting; D’Asaro, Eric A.; Jayne, Steven R.; Lee, Craig M.; Lien, Ren‐Chieh; Lin, I‐I; Morzel, Jan; deceased, Pearn P. Niiler; Rainville, Luc; Sanford, Thomas B.

doi:10.1002/grl.50096

Cited by 22 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Next, we use the SST cooling induced by a cyclone as a measure of its wake and assume that the recovery of the SST cooling signifies that of the wake. However, in reality the upper ocean cooling extends several tens of meters below the surface and persists beyond the SST recovery time scale [ Mrvaljevic et al , ]. Hence, by considering only the SSTs, we may have underestimated the full impact of cyclone‐cyclone interactions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cyclone‐cyclone interactions through the ocean pathway

Balaguru

Taraphdar

Leung

et al. 2014

Geophysical Research Letters

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The intense sea surface temperature cooling caused by tropical cyclone‐induced mixing lasts several weeks and may thus influence a later cyclone passing over it. Using a 28 year analysis spanning the North Atlantic, eastern Pacific, and Northwest Pacific, we systematically demonstrate that, on average, when tropical cyclones encounter lingering wakes, they experience sea surface temperatures that are ∼0.25–0.5°C colder. Consequently, the intensification rates are ∼0.4−0.7normalm1emnormals−1360.3emnormalh lower for cyclones when they interact with wakes, consistent with the maximum potential intensity theory. The probability for cyclones to encounter lingering wakes varies positively with cyclone frequency, is ∼10% on average, and has been as high as 27%–37% in the past. These large interaction probabilities reduce the mean intensification rates for cyclones by 3%–6% on average and by ∼12%–15% during the most active years. “Cyclone‐cyclone interactions” may therefore represent a mechanism through which tropical cyclones self‐regulate their activity to an extent on intraseasonal time scales.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cyclone‐cyclone interactions through the ocean pathway

Balaguru

Taraphdar

Leung

et al. 2014

Geophysical Research Letters

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“…ITOP measured the evolution of Typhoon Fanapi's cold wake for more than 3 weeks after the storm passage (Mrvaljevic et al 2014). Figure 11 shows the evolution of upper ocean stratification at approximately the center of the wake.…”

Section: Evolution Of Storm Cold Wakesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Typhoons on the Ocean in the Pacific

D’Asaro

Black

Centurioni

et al. 2014

Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society

146

119

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Tropical cyclones (TCs) change the ocean by mixing deeper water into the surface layers, by the direct air–sea exchange of moisture and heat from the sea surface, and by inducing currents, surface waves, and waves internal to the ocean. In turn, the changed ocean influences the intensity of the TC, primarily through the action of surface waves and of cooler surface temperatures that modify the air–sea fluxes. The Impact of Typhoons on the Ocean in the Pacific (ITOP) program made detailed measurements of three different TCs (i.e., typhoons) and their interaction with the ocean in the western Pacific. ITOP coordinated meteorological and oceanic observations from aircraft and satellites with deployments of autonomous oceanographic instruments from the aircraft and from ships. These platforms and instruments measured typhoon intensity and structure, the underlying ocean structure, and the long-term recovery of the ocean from the storms' effects with a particular emphasis on the cooling of the ocean beneath the storm and the resulting cold wake. Initial results show how different TCs create very different wakes, whose strength and properties depend most heavily on the nondimensional storm speed. The degree to which air–sea fluxes in the TC core were reduced by ocean cooling varied greatly. A warm layer formed over and capped the cold wakes within a few days, but a residual cold subsurface layer persisted for 10–30 days.

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“…Ocean mixing and upwelling are the primary cooling mechanisms [e.g., Jacob et al ., ; D'Asaro et al ., ; Price , ], with air‐sea fluxes playing a minor role [e.g., Elsberry et al ., ; Price , ]. Cold wakes have been reported following many TCs [e.g., Fisher , ; Leipper , ; Mrvaljevic et al ., ] and shown to reduce sea surface temperature (SST) up to 9°C [ Lin et al ., ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Upper ocean cooling and air‐sea fluxes under typhoons: A case study

2017

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Direct observations of ocean temperatures and air‐sea energy exchange underneath three typhoons and a tropical storm encountered in the Philippine Sea during the 2010 Pacific typhoon season are examined. Data are reported from two buoys 180 km apart with ocean temperatures recorded to 150 m and wind speeds up to 26 m s−1. A detailed examination of the cold wakes is used to determine the mechanisms though which the ocean cools. The result show that net cooling varied between storms by two orders of magnitude, accounting for between 9 and 1000 MJ m−2 of heat loss, and were a result of entrainment, advection, and surface fluxes. In some cases a marked temperature increase below the mixed layer occurred due to entrainment of warm water across the thermocline. Mixed layer temperature decreases ranged from 0.35 to 1.6°C and found to be well predicted by typhoon translation speed and wind speed. Of the mixed layer heat loss, 12–47% was attributed to enthalpy fluxes, the upper range of which is much greater than previous reports. Results are discussed in terms of their relevance to tropical cyclone and climate modeling.

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Observations of the cold wake of Typhoon Fanapi (2010)

Cited by 22 publications

References 7 publications

Cyclone‐cyclone interactions through the ocean pathway

Cyclone‐cyclone interactions through the ocean pathway

Impact of Typhoons on the Ocean in the Pacific

Upper ocean cooling and air‐sea fluxes under typhoons: A case study

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