“…In this context, many methods have been developed as for instance observer-based approaches [1][2][3][4], identification-based methods [5,6], fuzzy logic-based approaches [7][8][9][10] and neural-network-based methods [11,12]. The effectiveness of these approaches for detecting and diagnosing certain types of system faults, which can take the form of sensor faults, actuator faults or process faults, was demonstrated in several application cases [13,14]. Among the model-based FDD methods, the observer-based method plays an important role, in which the key issue is to select suitable diagnostic observer parameters and design a fault estimation rule so that the observation error system is asymptotically stable and the estimated faults approach their true values.…”