Occipital bending in schizophrenia

Maller, Jerome Joseph; Anderson, Robert; Thomson, Richard Hilton Siddall; Daskalakis, Z.; Rosenfeld, Jeffrey V.; Fitzgerald, Paul B.

doi:10.1177/0004867416642023

Cited by 22 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Being particularly pronounced in the posterior aspect (Myslobodsky et al, 1991), the left occipital pole often crosses the midline, a phenomenon referred to as Occipital Bending (OB; Glicksohn and Myslobodsky, 1993;Maller et al 2014). Although its functional significance is still not known, the torque is evident early in brain development (Rajagopalan et al, 2011) and measures of it, including OB, are also disturbed in neurodevelopmental disorders including bipolar (Mackay et al 2010;Maller et al, 2015), depression (Maller et al, 2014) and schizophrenia (Deutsch et al, 2000;Zhao et al, 2009;Maller et al, 2016; though see Narr et al, 2007). With regard to the latter, Crow (1999) has proposed an influential hypothesis that disturbance of the mechanisms that determine the development of usual human brain asymmetry may be of fundamental significance in causing psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of Sylvian Fissure asymmetry and occipital bending in humans and Pan troglodytes

Hou

Crow

et al. 2019

NeuroImage

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The evolution of human-specific lateralised functions such as language has been linked to the development of structural asymmetries in the brain. Here we applied state of the art image analysis techniques to measure Sylvian Fissure (SF) asymmetry and Occipital Bending (OB) in 3D Magnetic Resonance (MR) images of the brain obtained in-vivo for 30 humans and 30 chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). SF morphology differed between species, with the human SF terminating more superiorly in right inferior parietal lobe, an asymmetry that was on average absent in chimpanzees (F (1,52) = 5.963, p = 0.018). Irrespective of morphology, Total SF Length was, as previously reported, leftward in humans but not in chimpanzees, although the difference did not reach significance between species. However, when only brains possessing comparable bilateral SF bifurcation morphology were compared, humans showed previously reported "Typical" left-lateralised Anterior-Horizontal (AH-SF) and right-lateralised Vertical (V-SF) SF asymmetries. In contrast, chimpanzees lacked both asymmetries, and this approached being a significant difference between-species in the AH-SF segment (F (1, 34) = 3.680, p = 0.064). On average in humans the left occipital lobe crossed the midline toward the right (Rightward OB) which was significantly different from the chimpanzee cohort that showed no average OB (Independent-Samples Mann-Whitney U Test, p = 0.012). Furthermore, OB was related to SF asymmetry in humans, such that the more rightward V-SF and leftward AH-SF, the more rightward the OB. This "Default" pattern of SF and OB asymmetries was found in 41.7% of human individuals with bilateral SF bifurcation but none of the chimpanzees. To our knowledge, this is the first study highlighting that a pattern of SF and OB asymmetry distinguishes the human from the chimpanzee brain, and suggests this may be associated with a unique trajectory of brain development and functional abilities in humans.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of Sylvian Fissure asymmetry and occipital bending in humans and Pan troglodytes

Hou

Crow

et al. 2019

NeuroImage

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“…Clinically, atypical development in the primary sulci has been associated with sensory and information processing deficits among patients with schizophrenia [4][5][6][7][8] , potentially contributing to the development of both cognitive deficits as well as psychotic symptoms. The likely timing of embryonic/fetal disruption in schizophrenia continues to be unknown, with prenatal immune models implicating both second and third trimester insults as risk factors 9 , while maternal stress and malnourishment models implicate third trimester insults 9,10 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deviant cortical sulcation related to schizophrenia, but not cognitive deficits, likely predate brain development in the second trimester

Mackinley

Sabesan

Palaniyappan

2019

Preprint

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Objectives: Aberrant cortical development, inferred from cortical folding measures, is linked to the risk of schizophrenia. Cortical folds develop in a time-locked fashion during fetal growth.We leveraged this temporal specificity of sulcation to investigate the approximate timing of the prenatal insult linked to schizophrenia as well as the cognitive impairment seen in this illness. Methods: Anatomical T1 MRI scans from a publicly available dataset of 68 patients with schizophrenia and 72 controls were used to evaluate the sulcal depth. 5 major primary sulci that are invariable, representing lobar development (calcarine sulcus, superior temporal sulcus, superior frontal sulcus, intraparietal sulcus and inferior frontal sulcus) with formation representing distinct developmental periods were chosen. Sulcal depth was measured using BrainVISA software. Results: A repeated measure Analysis of Variance with 5 sulci and 2 hemispheres as withinsubject factors and gender, age and intracranial volume as covariates revealed a significant effect of diagnosis (F[1,134]=14.8, p=0.0002). Control subjects had had deeper superior temporal (left t=3.2, p=0.002; right t=2.8, p=0.006), right inferior frontal (t=2.7, p=0.007) and left calcarine (t=2.2, p=0.03) sulci. A deeper superior frontal sulcus predicted better overall cognitive scores (F[1,54]=8.7, p=0.005) among patients. Conclusion:Our results suggest that the gestational cortical disruption underlying schizophrenia is likely to predate, if not, coincide with the appearance of calcarine sulcus (early 2 nd trimester) and affects frontal, temporal and occipital lobes. Nevertheless, the burden of cognitive deficits may relate specifically to aberrant superior frontal development occurring in late 2 nd trimester.

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“…Aberrant cortical folding in adults related to preterm birth relates to negative cognitive and mental health outcomes [ 4 ]. Clinically, atypical development in the primary sulci has been associated with sensory and information processing deficits among patients with schizophrenia [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ], potentially contributing to the development of both cognitive deficits and psychotic symptoms. While there is a growing literature of cortical sulcal and gyral morphology in schizophrenia [ 10 , 11 ], the likely timing of embryonic/fetal disruption in schizophrenia continues to be unknown, with prenatal immune models implicating both second and third trimester insults as risk factors [ 12 ], and maternal stress and malnourishment models implicate third trimester insults [ 12 , 13 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deviant cortical sulcation related to schizophrenia and cognitive deficits in the second trimester

Mackinley

Sabesan

Palaniyappan

2020

Translational Neuroscience

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ObjectivesAberrant cortical development, inferred from cortical folding, is linked to the risk of schizophrenia. Cortical folds develop in a time-locked fashion during fetal growth. We leveraged this temporal specificity of sulcation to investigate the timing of the prenatal insult linked to schizophrenia and the cognitive impairment seen in this illness.MethodsAnatomical MRI scans from 68 patients with schizophrenia and 72 controls were used to evaluate the sulcal depth of five major invariable primary sulci representing lobar development (calcarine sulcus, superior temporal sulcus, superior frontal sulcus, intraparietal sulcus and inferior frontal sulcus) with formation representing the distinct developmental periods.ResultsA repeated-measure ANOVA with five sulci and two hemispheres as the within-subject factors and gender, age and intracranial volume as covariates revealed a significant effect of diagnosis (F[1,134] = 14.8, p = 0.0002). Control subjects had deeper bilateral superior temporal, right inferior frontal and left calcarine sulci. A deeper superior frontal sulcus predicted better cognitive scores among patients.ConclusionOur results suggest that the gestational disruption underlying schizophrenia is likely to predate, if not coincide with the appearance of calcarine sulcus (early second trimester). Nevertheless, the burden of cognitive deficits may relate specifically to the aberrant superior frontal development apparent in late second trimester.

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Occipital bending in schizophrenia

Cited by 22 publications

References 48 publications

Measurement of Sylvian Fissure asymmetry and occipital bending in humans and Pan troglodytes

Measurement of Sylvian Fissure asymmetry and occipital bending in humans and Pan troglodytes

Deviant cortical sulcation related to schizophrenia, but not cognitive deficits, likely predate brain development in the second trimester

Deviant cortical sulcation related to schizophrenia and cognitive deficits in the second trimester

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