Occlusion and the solution to the aperture problem for motion

The reviewing of object files: Object-specific integration of information

“…This could be tested, for example, with displays like those that generate Michotte's tunnel effect (1963), or with displays in which a stationary object is temporarily hidden by an object that appears closer to the observer. Recent experiments suggest that cues to occlusion are available and can be used to modify early visual processing, such as that involved in determining the direction of motion in small apertures (Shimojo, Silverman, & Nakayama, 1988), or the perception of matching shapes (Sekuler & Palmer, 1990).…”

The perception of globally coherent motion

“…We arc also cautioned by results such as those of Shimojo, Silverman, and Nakayama (1989), showing that patterns of two-dimensional motion may be decomposed in strikingly different ways depending on how evidence for depth relations, including binocular disparity, helps determine which signals arc to be grouped with which. Finally, we note that Ferrera and Wilson (1991) have recently extended their analysis of compound grating motion into the domain of speed perception.…”

“…Consider, for example, the points in the present experiments where a moving contour was occluded by the aperture boundaries. A recent experiment by Shimojo, Silverman, and Nakayama (1989) provides a dramatic example of how the interpretation of such points can influence observers' perceptions. These authors showed that when a pattern of parallel contours is presented stereoscopically to appear behind an aperture, the contour terminators arc perceptually analyzed as points of occlusion and have lillie or no effect on the perceived direction of motion.…”

An ecological approach to cognitive (im)penetrability

“…It is important that these phenomena not be confused with evidence for cognitive penetrability. Quite the contrary, the aforementioned results suggest, for example, that occlusion rules, which have sometimes been considered examples of high-level vision, are implemented at an early stage of cortical visual processing (Shimojo 1989).…”