Occurrence and distribution of lipophilic phycotoxins in a subtropical bay of the South China Sea

Occurrence and Trophodynamics of Marine Lipophilic Phycotoxins in a Subtropical Marine Food Web

“…Among the AZAs group (i.e., AZAs1–3), the relatively higher abundance of AZA2 was observed in our studied 17 species, which was consistent with the high composition of AZA2 observed in the potential producers of A. poporum and shellfishes from the SCS …”

“…Many studies have reported the occurrence of MLPs in marine biota from the Chinese seas 45,49−55 or other oceans worldwide, 56−61 for example, in shellfishes including scallops, mussels, oysters, clams, and snails, from Daya Bay in the SCS, which is adjacent to Hong Kong waters. 45 Eight MLPs (i.e., OA, DTX1, YTX, homoYTX, GYM, PTX2, AZA2, and SPX1) were detected, where homoYTX, PTX2, and GYM were the predominant MLPs. A relatively high level of homoYTX (up to 62.89 ng g −1 ww) was found in scallops (Chlamys nobilis), while the homoYTX concentration found in T. bacillum was <10 ng g −1 ww, comparable to that in our study.…”

“…The levels of detected individual MLPs in biota in this study were much lower than the regulatory limits in seafood proposed by the EFSA (Figure ). Many studies have reported the occurrence of MLPs in marine biota from the Chinese seas ,− or other oceans worldwide, − for example, in shellfishes including scallops, mussels, oysters, clams, and snails, from Daya Bay in the SCS, which is adjacent to Hong Kong waters . Eight MLPs (i.e., OA, DTX1, YTX, homoYTX, GYM, PTX2, AZA2, and SPX1) were detected, where homoYTX, PTX2, and GYM were the predominant MLPs.…”

“…In this study, BSAFs were determined to estimate MLPs accumulation by benthos (i.e., mollusks and crustaceans) from sediment. The sediment samples collected in Hong Kong waters were analyzed according to the method presented in a previous study with some modifications . Eight MLPs, namely, AZAs1–3, OA, DTXs1–2, YTX, and homoYTX, were found in the sediment, and the BSAFs of these MLPs were determined, as shown in Table S10.…”

“…This difference in the bioaccumulation profiles of individual MLPs observed between fishes and benthos may be due to the direct intake of and exposure to POM and SOM, which were evidenced to be highly contaminated with homoYTX in the SCS. 45 Because most MLPs tend to accumulate in benthic communities, studies about the uptake, biotransformation, and depuration kinetics of some of the investigated MLPs were generally focused on mollusks or crustaceans, while data regarding most of the investigated MLPs in fishes are largely unavailable. However, reference can be made to relevant data about CTXs in various fishes.…”