Occurrence of AFM1 in urine samples of a Brazilian population and association with food consumption

Abstract

a b s t r a c tThis survey evaluated the presence of AFM 1 in human urine samples from a specific Brazilian population, as well as corn, peanut, and milk consumption measured by two types of food inquiry. Urine samples from donors who live in the city of Piracicaba, State of São Paulo, Brazil were analyzed to detect the presence of aflatoxin M 1 (AFM 1 ), an aflatoxin B 1 metabolite, which may be used as aflatoxin B 1 exposure biomarker. The AFM 1 analysis was performed using immunoaffinity clean-up and detection by high-performance-liquid chromatography with fluorescence detector. A total of 69 samples were analyzed and 45 of them (65%) presented contaminations P1.8 pg ml À1 , which was the limit of quantification (LOQ). Seventy eight percent (n = 54) of the samples presented detectable concentrations of AFM 1 (>0.6 pg ml À1 ). The AFM 1 concentration among samples above LOQ ranged from 1.8 to 39.9 pg ml À1 . There were differences in food consumption profile among donors, although no association was found between food consumption and AFM 1 concentration in urine. The high frequency of positive samples suggests exposure of the populations studied to aflatoxins.

Aflatoxin M1 in the urine of non-carriers and chronic carriers of hepatitis B virus in Maringa, Brazil

“…The levels found of AFM 1 in urine, 0.67 to 7.87 pg/mL (29.2%), were lower than the value reported by Romero et al (2010), who showed a prevalence of 65%, with levels ranging from 1.8 to 39.9 pg/mL in a Brazilian population. The difference between the data may have occurred, since in our study only one sample was analyzed for each subject, and the seasonal variation and dietary data were not investigated.…”

Assessment of aflatoxin exposure using serum and urinary biomarkers in São Paulo, Brazil: A pilot study

“…Assessment of aflatoxin intake by Brazilian population has been usually estimated in terms of probable daily intake (PDI) by analyzing the occurrence of AFB 1 in food products and the consumption data (Magrine et al, 2011;Jager et al, 2013). However, the human exposure to dietary aflatoxins by the biomarker approach have been assessed in only three studies conducted in the State of São Paulo, two describing the excretion of AFM 1 in human urine at levels ranging from 1.8 to 39.9 pg/mL (Romero et al, 2010) and from 0.19 to 12.7 pg/mg creatinine (Jager et al, 2014), and one reporting the AFB 1 -albumin adduct in blood samples in concentrations ranging from up to 57.3 pg/mg albumin (Scussel et al, 2006). There is no information available on the occurrence of urinary AFB 1 -N 7 -guanine associated to aflatoxin intake by the population in Brazil.…”

Biomarkers of Aflatoxin Exposure and Its Relationship with the Hepatocellular Carcinoma

“…Mean concentration in positive samples was 14.9 pg/mg. Sixty-five urine samples from inhabitants of the city of Piracicaba, state of Sao Paulo, were analyzed for AFM 1 and 65% of them showed concentrations greater or equal to 1.8 pg/mL, with mean concentration of 5.96 pg/mL (Romero et al, 2010). Correlation between probable aflatoxin intake -estimated by means of questionnaires on the frequency of consumption -and AFM 1 levels in urine were not significantly correlated.…”

“…Together with the analysis of AFB 1 -lysin, determination of these two biomarkers in urine and serum samples is precise, accurate, specific and selective. Determination of residual aflatoxin and metabolites AFM 1 , AFP 1 and AFQ 1 in urine has been carried out using HPLC-fluorescence (Tang et al, 2008;Polychronaki et al, 2008;Romero et al, 2010). However, HPLC-MS/MS has recently been used successfully to determine AFB 1 , AFB 2, AFG 1, AFG 2, AFM 1 and AFP 1 in urine (Everley et al, 2007).…”